DTEL

(Department for Technology Enhanced Learning)

The Centre for Technology enabled Teaching & Learning , N Y S

S, India

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
TECHNOLOGY
VII-SEMESTER
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL
ENERGY
CHAPTER NO.4

REFRIGERATION AND AIR

CONDITIONING

CHAPTER 4:SYLLABUS

Terminology, refrigeration cycle, refrigeration systems

domestic refrigerator, water cooler, desert cooler.

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4
5
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Factors involved in air conditioning

comfort air conditioning, industrial air conditioning
effective temperature, summer / winter AC systems
types of AC systems, room AC, and central AC system

CHAPTER-3 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE / COURSE

OUTCOME
The student will be able to:

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Understand types of refrigeration cycles.

understand air conditioning system, its types.

LECTURE 1

Introduction to refrigeration
Used for Human comfort both as domestic appliancessystem
and industrial equipments for
producing low temp.
Cooling of storage chambers for perishable food, fruits, medicines, chemicals.
In industry, to maintain the temp of tool room, working place so that workers and
various equipment can perform their duties efficiently
Production of ice, liquefying of gases and vapors in chemical and pharmaceutical
industries.
Air conditioning of buildings, coaches, milk vans etc
Refrigeration:
process of removing heat from a substance under controlled conditions.
Process of reducing & maintaining temp of a body below the general temp of its
surrounding.
Continuous extraction of heat from a body whose temp is already below the temp of
its surrounding
Refrigeration System:
The mechanism for producing low temp in a body or space whose temp is already
below the temp of its surrounding.
Heat is generally pumped from low level to higher one and is rejected at high temp.
Refrigerator: Theoretically it is reverse heat engine or heat pump which takes out heat
from cold body & delivers it to a hot body.
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LECTURE 1 : TERMINOLOGY
Refrigerant: Heat carrying medium which during their cycle (compression,
condensation, expansion & evaporation) in the refrigeration system absorbs heat
from a low temp system (cold body) & delivers it to a higher temp system (hot body).
Air-conditioning: It involves the control of temp, humidity & motion of air in an
enclosure. It usually incorporates filters for removing dust & include equipments for
services such as odours or killing bacteria.
Tonne of Refrigeration(TR): it is practical unit of refrigeration & is defined as the
amount of refrigeration effect produced by the uniform melting of one tonne
(1000kg)of ice from and at 0o Cin 24 hours. It is equivalent to heat extraction rate of
50Kcal/minute. Latent heat of fusion of ice is 336 KJ/kg so refrigerating effect of
336*1000 KJ/kg in 24 hours is rated as one tonne.
A tonne of refrigeration=336*1000/24=14000KJ/hour
Coefficient of performance: The performance of refrigeration system is expressed by
the term k/as coefficient of performance which is defined as the ratio of heat absorb
by the refrigerant while passing through the evaporator to the work input
required to compress the refrigerant in the compressor. It is the ratio between
heat extracted and the work done (in heat units)
Rn=Net refrigerating effect
W= work expanded in by the machine during same interval of time , then
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C.O.P.= Rn/W

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LECTURE 1:-

High Temperature
Reservoir
Heat Rejected
Work Input

Heat Absorbed
Low Temperature
Reservoir
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LECTURE 2:-

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Refrigeration cycle

LECTURE2:-

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LECTURE 2:-

Refrigeration cycle

The total amount of heat being rejected to the outside body consist of two parts. 1)
heat extracted from the body to be cooled & 2) heat equivalent to the mechanical
work for extracting it.
Every refrigeration system used for producing cooling effect must have the
following four basic units
i)Low temp thermal sink to which the heat is rejected for cooling the space
ii)Means for extracting the heat energy from sink, raising its level of temp before
delivering it to heat receiver
iii)A receiver is a storage to which the heat is transferred from the high temp, high
pressure refrigerant
iv)Means of reducing the pressure and the temp of the refrigerant before it returns
to the sink
Heat engine cycle:
Evaporationexpansioncondensationcompression
Refrigeration cycle:
Evaporationcompressioncondensationexpansion
Thus by reversing a heat engine cycle completely and by changing the working
agent also to the refrigerant, a refrigeration cycle is obtained.

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LECTURE 2:-

Calcul

Refrigeration systems

There are two basic refrigeration systems

Vapor compression refrigeration system
Vapor absorption refrigeration system
Vapor compression refrigeration system
Working fluid is vapor. It readily evaporates & condenses without leaving
refrigerating plant. During evaporation, it absorbs heat from cold body. This
heat is used as its latent heat for converting it from liquid to vapor.
In condensing or cooling or liquifying, it rejects heat to the external body, thus
creating a cooling effect in the working fluid. This refrigeration system thus acts
as a latent heat pump as it pumps its latent heat from cold body & rejects it or
delivers it to the external hot body or cooling medium
The simple vapor compression system fundamental process are complete in
one cycle. These are
Compression
Condensation
Expansion
vaporization

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LECTURE 2:-

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Vapor compression system

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LECTURE 2:-

Condenser

High
Pressure
Side

4
Expansion
Device

Compressor

1
Evaporator

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Low
Pressure
Side

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LECTURE3:-

Vapor compression system

The vapor at low temp & pressure (state 2) enters the compressor, it
is compressed & hence its temp & pressure increases considerably
(state 3).
The vapor after leaving the compressor, enters the condenser where
it is condensed into high pressure liquid (state 4) & is collected in a
receiver tank.
From receiver tank it passes through expansion valve where it is
throttled down to a lower pressure & has low temp (state 1).
It finally passes through evaporator where it extracts heat from the
surrounding or circulating fluid being refrigerated & vaporizes to low
pressure vapor.

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LECTURE 3:-

Functions of parts of vapor compression system

Compressor: its function is to remove the vapor from evaporator & to raise its
temp & pressure to a point such that it (vapor) can be condensed with the
available condensing media.
Discharge line(hot gas line): it delivers high pressure-temp vapor from
discharge of compressor to the condenser.
Condenser: it provide a heat transfer surface through which heat passes from
hot refrigerant vapor to the condensing medium.
Receiver tank: it provide a storage for condensed liquid so that a supply of
liquid is available to the evaporator as required.
Liquid line: it carries liquid refrigerant from receiver tank to the expansion
valve
expansion valve (refrigerant flow control): its function is to meter the proper
amount of refrigerant to evaporator & to reduce the pressure of liquid
entering the evaporator so that liquid will vaporized in a evaporator at the
desired low temp & takes out sufficient amount of heat.

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LECTURE 3:Evaporator: it provides heat transfer surface through which the

heat can pass from the refrigerated space into the vaporizing
refrigerant.
Suction line: it conveys low pressure vapor from the evaporator to
the suction inlet of the compressor.
Merits of the system
Coefficient of performance is high
Running cost is low
Size of evaporator is small
The required temp of evaporator can be obtained simply by
adjusting the throttle valve (expansion valve)
Demerits
Initial cost is high
Inflammability, leakage of vapor & toxicity (these have been
overcome to great extent by improvement in design)

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LECTURE 4:-

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Vapor absorption refrigeration system

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LECTURE 4

Condenser

Generator
Hot
Side

Evaporator
Cold
Side

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Absorber

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LECTURE 4:In this system compressor is replaced by an absorber, a pump, a generator,

pressure reducing valve.
The vapor refrigerant from the evaporator is drawn into an absorber where it is
absorbed by the weak solution of refrigerant forming a strong solution. This strong
solution is pumped to the generator where it is heated by external source. During
the heating process, the vapor refrigerant is driven off by the solution & enters into
the condenser where it is liquified. The liquified refrigerant then flows into the
evaporator & thus cycle is completed.
Working: low pressure ammoia vapor leaving the evaporator, enters the absorber
where it is absorbed by cold water. The water has an ability to absorb large
quantity of ammonia vapor & the solution so formed k/as aqua-ammonia .
The absorption of ammonia vapor in water lowers the pressure in the absorber
which in turn draws more ammonia vapor from the evaporator & thus temp of
solution is raised. Water cooling is used in absorber for the removal of heat from
the solution.

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LECTURE 5:-

Domestic Refrigerators:

Most domestic refrigerators are of two typeseither a single door fresh food
refrigerator or a two-door refrigerator-freezer combination, with the freezer
compartment on the top portion of the cabinet, or a vertically split cabinet (side-byside), with the freezer compartment on the left side of the cabinet. They are
completely self-contained units and are easy to install.
Most refrigerators use R-22 refrigerant, normally maintaining temperatures of 0F in
the freezer compartment and about 35F to 45F in the refrigerator compartment.
The technician must be able to perform various duties in the maintenance
Single Door Fresh Food Refrigerator
A single door fresh food refrigerator consists of an evaporator placed either across
the top or in one of the upper corners of the cabinet.
The condenser is on the back of the cabinet or in the bottom of the cabinet below the
hermetic compressor. During operation, the cold air from the evaporator flows by
natural circulation through the refrigerated space.
The shelves inside the cabinet are constructed so air can circulate freely past the
ends and sides, eliminating the need for a fan.
This refrigerator has a manual defrost, which requires that the refrigerator be turned
off periodically (usually overnight) to enable the buildup of frost on the evaporator
to melt.
Both the outside and inside finish is usually baked-on enamel. Porcelain enamel is
found on steel cabinet liners.
The interior of the unit contains the shelves, lights, thermostats, and temperature
controls.

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Domestic Refrigerator

10/15/16

Electric Circuit of
refrigerator

10/15/16

LECTURE 5:-

Two-Door Refrigerator-Freezer Combination

Two-Door Refrigerator-Freezer Combination

The two-door refrigerator-freezer combination is the most popular type of
refrigerator.
It is similar to the fresh food refrigerators in construction and the location of
components except it sometimes has an evaporator for both the freezer
compartment and the refrigerator compartment.
Also, if it is a frost-free unit, the evaporators are on the outside of the
cabinet. Because of the two separate compartments (refrigerator-freezer)
and the larger capacity, these types of refrigerators use forced air (fans) to
circulate the air through the inside of both compartments.
The two-door refrigerator also has one of the following three types of
evaporator defrost systems: manual defrost, automatic defrost, or frostfree.

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LECTURE 5:There are two types of automatic

defrosting: the hot gas system or the
electric heater system.
The hot gas system, through the use
of solenoid valves, uses the heat in
the vapor from the compressor
discharge line and the condenser to
defrost the evaporator.
The other system uses electric
heaters to melt the ice on the
evaporator surface.
A frostfree refrigerator-freezer has
the evaporator located outside the
refrigerated compartment.
On the running part of the cycle, air
is drawn over the evaporator and is
forced into the freezer and
refrigerator compartments by a fan.
On the off part of the cycle, the
evaporators automatically defrost

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LECTURE 6:-

AIR CONDITIONING

Definition & Basic Concepts

It is the process of controlling and maintaining the properties of air like temperature,
humidity, purity, direction of flow etc in a closed space.
Comfort Air-conditioning A process of controlling the air temperature, relative humidity,
ventilation, air movement and air cleanliness of a given space in order to provide the
occupants with a comfortable indoor temperature.
Air-conditioning System Consists of a group of components or equipment connected in
series to control the environmental parameters.

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LECTURE 6:-

Classification of Air Conditioning Systems

Individual Systems Use a self-contained , factory-made air conditioner to serve one or

two rooms (e.g. room/ window air conditioner and split-type units).
Unitary Packaged Systems Similar in nature to individual systems but serve more rooms
or even more than one floor, have an air system consisting of fans, coils, filters, ductwork
and outlets (e.g. in small restaurants, small shops and small cold storage rooms).
A/C SYSTEMS
Central Systems Basically consists of three major parts:
1)Air system Air handling units
(AHU), air distribution (air duct) system and terminals.
2) Water system Chilled water system, hot water system, condenser water
system.
3) Central plant Refrigeration (chiller) plant, boiler plant

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LECTURE 6:-

GOAL OF A/C SYSTEM DESIGN

The goal of an air conditioning system design is to achieve a highly quality system
that functions effectively and is energy-efficient and cost-effective. The following are
essential for a system to function effectively:
All design criteria are fulfilled, and the requirements of the owner and the user are
satisfied.
A good indoor air quality is provided.
The system is reliable and has adequate fire protection level (e.g. smoke
management)
When considering and selecting an air conditioning system, the designer must
understand the building and the clients requirements and try to study and evaluate
the following factors:
Building location, surrounding environment and external climate.
Uses and functional requirements of the building.
Clients budget, investment policy and expected quality of service.

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LECTURE 6:-

A/C SYSTEM SELECTION

Performance requirements On comfort, noise, control options, flexibility and meeting

requirements of local regulations/codes.
Capacity requirements Range of capacity, multiple units, zoning, etc.
Special requirement Plant room space, space for ducting and piping (vertical shafts),
space for terminal equipment.
Costs Initial cost, operating cost and maintenance cost.
Energy consumption For both economic and environment reasons.
System qualities E.g. aesthetics, life, reliability and maintainability.

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TERMS IN A/C
LECTURE
7:Psychometry: It is the study of the properties of moist air. The properties of
the air and water vapor mixture are called psychometric properties.
Dry Air: Atmospheric air without presence of water vapor is called dry air. It is
combination of 79% of nitrogen and 21% of oxygen by weight.
Moist Air: It is the mixture of dry air and water vapor. The amount of water
vapor present varies according to the temperature.
Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT): It is the temperature measured by ordinary
thermometer when its bulb is covered with wet cloth and exposed to air.
Wet Bulb Depression (WBD): The difference between the dry bulb
temperature and the wet bulb temperature. If the air is fully saturated then the
wet bulb depression is zero.
Dew Point Temperature (DPT): The temperature at which the water vapor in
the air begins to condense when the temperature of the air is continuously
reduced.

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LECTURE 7:Humidity: the quantity of water vapor present in the air is known as humidity. It
depends on the temperature of the air and is independent of the pressure of the air.
Relative Humidity: It is defined as the ratio of mass of water vapor present in a
given volume of air at a given temperature to the mass of water vapor present in the
same volume and temperature of the air when it is fully saturated.

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LECTURE 7:-

WORKING OF A/C SYSTEMS

It consists of dampers, air filter, cooling coil, spray type

humidifier, heating coil and a fan. Atmospheric air flows
through the dampers.
The quantity of air depends upon the "load and the dampers
control it. Air then passes through the Air filter.
The filter removes dirt, dust and other impurities.
The air now passes over a cooling coil. So when air is cooled
below its dew point temperature, the water vapor is removed
from the air in the form of water droplets.
The surface temperature of the cooling coil has to be
maintained below the dew-point temperature of the at
mospheric air to accomplish dehumidification.
The quantity of water removed from air is collected in the sump and is
drained.

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LECTURE 7:-

WORKING OF A/C SYSTEMS

The temperature of air leaving the cooling coil is lower than the ambient
temperature for comfort.
During the dry weather the spray type humidifier is used to increase the humidity
of the conditioned air.
During wet weather condition the relative humidity of the air is high, is controlled
by the heating coil. For the comfort condition required is DBT around 23 C and
relative humidity 60%. So the air is to be cooled and humidified to the comfort
condition.

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LECTURE 7

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LAYOUT OF WINDOW ROOM A/C

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LECTURE 7:-

AIR SIDE LOOP

supply air
return air

moisture
(latent heat)

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sensible
heat

Conditioned space

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LECTURE
8:-

Comparison between individual room, unitary packaged, and

central A/C

Characteristic
s

Individual
room
systems

Unitary
packaged
systems

Central
systems

Area served

Small

Medium to large

Large

Capacity of
refrigeration
system (ton of
refrigeration)

Mostly < 2 TR

3-220 TR

Often greater
than 100 TR

System
component
efficiency

Low

Medium

Higher

Air cleanliness

Not
satisfactory

Satisfactory

Meet any
requirement

Operating cost

Lower

Medium

Higher

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LECTURE
8:-

WORKING OF WATER COOLER

A refrigerant is a cooling medium that is circulated in pipes that are

located close to the reservoir in the water cooler. The refrigerant changes
from a liquid to a gas as it moves in the pipes towards the reservoir
because of the pressure in the pipes created by a compressor inside the
water cooler. The cooled gas in the water pipe is forced through a valve to
make it even colder.
When the refrigerant is in a gas form and is circulating in the pipes, it
has the ability to absorb the heat away from the water in the reservoir,
WORKING
WATER
OF WATER
COOLER
COOLER
leaving cool and refreshing water that is readily available. The heat in the
refrigerant is then expelled from the water cooler.
The machine will refill the reservoir and the process begins again.
Should the water reservoir empty completely during dispensing, it will
take a few minutes before the water cooler chills the water to a low
temperature.

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LECTURE
9:-

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LECTURE
9:-

Instantaneous Water Cooler

In this type of cooler the cooling coil is wrapped round the pipe line such that by
the time water reaches the tank it is cooled to desired temperature.
Bottle Types Cooler
In this type water to
be cooled is stored in a
bottle or reservoir.
For filling glass
tumblers or containers
faucet or similar means
are provided.
The dripping water
from the faucet is
collected in waste water
basin or water drip .

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Bottle less water cooler

LECTURE
9:As
the name states, this type of water coolers do
not have the need for heaving heavy bottles in and
out of the room whenever the water runs out.
Neither do you have to spend tons of money
buying bottles of water for this type of dispenser.
It is directly connected to the tap and is cleaned
through a filtration process.
The bottle less water coolers of Crystal Quest,
for example, have a nine stage filtration system
that produces clean water.
There are two types of bottle less water coolers
available in the market: the countertop water cooler,
which is usually found in the kitchen, and the floor
water cooler, which is very common in offices.

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LECTURE
10:

Pressure Water Cooler

Refrigeration system is usually mounted

at bottom structure of cooler body
And cooling coil is wrap round the water
tank , to ensure good surface contact
between the evaporative tube and tank.
The tank surface may be corrugated to
accommodate or pipes are secure using
soft solder to give metal contact.

Self -controlled or remote

It does not require extra space of work.
This type of cooler employ a mechanical
refrigerator system .
The water cooled from remote cooler is
supplied to desired drinking place , away
from system.

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LECTURE 10:-

Storage Type Water Cooler

Such type of coolers are used where continuous supply of water is not
available.
Water is filled in the storage tank and level of the water is kept same by the use
of a float valve.
The storage tank is surrounded by an evaporator coil through which flows a low
pressure liquid refrigerant which take away the heat of water and thus makes it
cold.
When the water attains desired temperature the thermostat operates and
disconnects the power supply to the motor.
The motor used is capacitor-start capacitor
run single-phase induction motor.

Capacity Of Water Cooler

Q=m *c(T-To)
M=rate of water consumption,
C=specific heat of water =4.18 kJ/kg k,
T=inlet temp. Of water,
To=outlet temp. Of water.

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LECTURE 10:-

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

BOTTLED WATER COOLER:

Pros:
Ideal for spaces where no plumbing is present
Good alternative to tap water, which can sometimes be of poor quality
Portable and convenient
Cons:
Purchasing a supply of bottled water
Replacement bottles and empties require storage space
Full bottles can be difficult to change due to weight
BOTTLELESS WATER COOLER:
Pros:
Free unlimited source of water; no need to purchase water
No bulky bottles to change and store
Compact and virtually maintenance-free
Cons:
More complicated installation
Relatively permanent; not portable
Cannot be used in rentals or areas with no water source

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LECTURE 10: MODIFIED DESERT COOLER

As the name suggest that it is the modification of the conventional cooler.
It is the Air Conditioner cum refrigerator for people who cannot afford costly
equipments like air conditioner , refrigerator and other such appliances.
It cools the air more than the conventional Desert cooler.
The modified desert cooler is developed for providing better cooling effect than
conventional desert cooler.
It also provides cold-pure water for drinking purpose comparatively at low cost than
Refrigerator with the help of modifies Matka attached with it.
As soon as we start the cooler, submersible pump starts working and delivers the
water through pipe1 to the upper tank.
the water from the upper tank flows through pipe2 into the Ranjan. A pipe3 is
connected to the upper tank.
The water through pipe3 circulates around the storage box. Storage box is also
provided with aspen wood fiber pad which help to maintain low temp inside storage
box.
The water through pipe2 flows into the ranjan. In this ranjan a small matka or
earthen pot is kept. The water in the ranjan surrounds the matka. Due to this
arrangement the water inside the matka becomes cold.

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LECTURE 10:Now ranjan has small pores in its walls. When water is poured into it, some of it
seeps through these pores to its outer surface.
On reaching there, it evaporates. The heat required for evaporation is taken from
the Ramans outer surface and from the water in it. As a result, the temp of water
which circulate in the gap between outer ranjan and inner matka decreases.
This cooled water absorb the heat from inner matka(containing drinking water)
Thus making the water inside matka cooler than the outside temperature.
The water in the ranjan is then supplied back to the lower tank through pipe5 and
hence the cycle is repeated again and again.
The water from the matka is then passed into pureit water filter through pipe4. Thus
pure, cooler and cleaner drinking water is available from the filter for drinking
purpose.
With the help of these modifications we have achieved the following goals
1. Air conditioning effect (temperature obtained is less than 8C to 9C as
compared common cooler).
2. Filtered Cool water for drinking purpose.
3. Storage space for perishable goods.
4. Modified Desert Cooler reduces humidity to human comfort level.

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THANK YOU

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References Books:
Utilization of Electric Energy

E. Openshaw Taylor

Orient Longman

Utilization of Electric Power & Edition, 2009

Electric Traction

J.B. Gupta

Kataria& Sons

Art and Science of Utilization of

Electrical Energy

H Partap

DhanpatRai&
Delhi

R. K. Rajput

Laxmi Publications Pvt.

Ltd.

Utilisation of Electrical power

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1st Edition, 2006

1st Edition, 2006

Sons,

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