Presentation on

Energy Efficiency
and
Conservation
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Efficiency And

Conservation

In broad sense, Energy Efficiency

means economising on the use of energy
without adversely affecting economic
growth and development. It includes
improving the efficiency of energy
extraction, Transmission And Distribution
and increasing the productivity of energy
use.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Efficiency And

Conservation (contd..)
It is not merely a technological issue but it
encompasses much broader economic and
management issues. The cost effective of
energy conservation/efficiency measures is
well established as one unit of energy saved at
the consumer end avoids nearly 2.5 to 3 times
of capacity augmentation due to plant load
factor, plant availability, auxiliary power
consumption.

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Energy Conservation (contd.)

The energy intensity per unit Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) is much higher
in India(3.7 times from Japan, 1.5 times
from USA) than many of the countries of
the world leading to high wastage of
energy,
power
shortage
and
uncompetitive product pricing hindering
international trading.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Conservation and its

importance
60% of
resources
consume
d so far
85% of raw
energy
comes from
nonrenewable
sources and
hence not
available for
future
generation

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Energy Conservation (contd.)

To meet the growing demand, it has been
assessed that additional generating capacity of
1 lakh MW has to be added by 2012 requiring
an investment of Rs. 8,00,000 crore
approximately.
It is estimated that high energy saving
potential in the country approximately to the
tune of about 23% exists for the economy as a
whole while in the electricity sector alone the
energy saving potential is around 25000MW of
installed capacity.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Conservation (contd.)

So Energy Efficiency/Conservation and
Demand Side Management measures can
reduce power demand and prune building
up of additional generating capacity to the
extent it can be conserved.

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Why Energy Efficiency (EE) ?

Negawatts win over Megawatts
Economic perspective (National and/or Supplier) :
EE (or Negawatts) are cheaper than Megawatts
EE provides maximum system wide benefits
EE reduces need for imports & scare resources
EE mitigates risk from supply vulnerabilities

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Why Energy Efficiency (EE) ?

Contd..
Customer Perspective :
Utilities come closer to customers, better control
Supply quality and reliability improvements
Lowers impact of tariff rationalisation / increase
Societal Perspective :
Environmental benefits (emissions and wastes)

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Sector wise Energy Consumption

Type of Consumer

Percentage of
Consumption

Agricultural

Industry

49

Transport

22

Residential

10

Others

14

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Energy Saving Potential

Sector

Potential(%)

Economy as a whole

Up to 23

Agricultural

Up to 30

Industrial

Up to 25

Transport

Up to 20

Domestic and
Commercial

Up to 20

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Energy Saving Potential

contd..
Assessed potential of 25000MW energy saving
Energy Efficiency / Conservation and Demand
Side Management measures can reduce peak
and average demand
One unit saved avoids 2.5 to 3 times of fresh
capacity addition
Investment in Energy Efficiency / Energy
Conservation is highly cost effective
Can be achieved less than Rs.1 crore/MW
Also avoids investment in fuel, mining,
transportation etc.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Conservation Act

To tap the huge energy conservation
potential Energy Conservation Act was .
Enacted in October 2001
Become effective from 1st March 2002
Bureau of Energy Efficiency
operationalized from 1st March 2002.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

(BEE)

 Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance

standards for notified equipment & appliances.
Prohibit manufacture and sale of equipment & appliances not
conforming to standards.
Introduce mandatory labeling to enable consumers to make
informed choice.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

What are Standards and

Labels?
STANDARDS
Energy efficiency standards are sets of procedures and
regulations that prescribe the energy performance of
manufactured products, sometimes prohibiting the sale of
products less energy-efficient than the minimum standard.
LABELS
Energy efficiency labels are informative labels affixed to
manufactured products indicating a products energy
performance in order to provide consumers with the data
necessary for making informed purchases.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Action Initiated
( Standards & Labeling)
Equipment /appliances approved for notification
include :
Refrigerators
Room Air Conditioners (unitary)
Electric Water Heater
Electric Motors
Agricultural Pump Sets
Electric Lighting & Ballasts
Industrial Fans & Blowers
Air Compressors
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Action Initiated
( Standardswith
& Labeling)
contd
Discussions
manufacturers
of
Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, Agricultural
Pump Sets and Motors
Technical Committee constituted to fix
criteria and procedure equipment testing

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Action Initiated
( Standards
& Labeling)
contd
Manufacturers
agreed
to :
Conduct equipment testing under third
party witness
Provide technical basis for the label
Evolve rating plan for the label
Introduce labeling within two months

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Schedule to the Act provides list of Designated Consumers

Designated Consumers to :
get energy audit by Accredited energy audit firms
implement cost effective recommendations
appoint or designate energy manager
comply with energy consumption norms and standards
By regulations BEE to prescribe;
qualification and certification procedure for Energy
Manager & Energy Auditors.
accreditation procedure for Energy Audit firms.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Action Initiated (Designated

Consumers)
Governing Council of BEE approved
To notify of cement paper and pulp and textile sectors as
designated consumers
To cover units with 5 MW connected load or annual
30000 tonnes of oil equivalent consumption
National level certification examination and its syllabus
for certification of energy managers and energy auditors
Engaging NPC as the certifying agency
To empanel 11 institutions for running certification course
Procedure for temporary accreditation of energy auditors

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Action Initiated (Designated

Consumers)
Task force in cement, paper & pulp and textile
sectors
formed.
Fertiliser,
chemicals,
petrochemicals and choler alkali under way
Members to achieve the energy efficiency through
best practices, benchmarking, energy audit etc.
Industries motivated through National Energy
Conservation Award scheme
Industries being approached to take commitments
Industries like INDAL, Rastriya Ispat Nigam Limited, NRC,
Moral Overseas Ltd., BK Birla Group of Companies committed
to reduce energy consumption
Small group activities focused on Energy Conservation initiated
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

BEE to prepare guidelines on

ECBC
To be modified by States to suit
local climatic conditions
To be applicable to new buildings
having connected load of 500 KW
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

To set up Energy Conservation Fund for

providing :
Innovative financing
Promotion of energy service companies
Research & Development
Demonstration
Creation of testing facilities
Awareness creation
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Important Roles include:

Implementation of provisions of Energy Conservation Act
Quick coordination
Policy research
Promotion of energy efficiency
Development of new financial instruments
Development of ESCOS
Awareness creation.

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Self Regulation
o Section 17 provides power of inspection but Act
enforcement through self-regulation
o Manufacturers agreed to
Give energy consumption test results for labels
Setup steering committee with BEE for prescribing criteria for
Label design
Standard setting
Enforcement mechanism

o Designated consumers to publish certified

energy consumption figures in the annual report
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Efficiency investment is highly cost effective:

Resultant energy saving pays back investment between 6 to
36 months.
Huge market
Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) willing to invest with
performance guarantee and recover investment from energy
savings win-win situation.
Requires policy support; demonstration; innovative
financing like guarantee, insurance, venture capital; proactive support by Banks, etc.
etc
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Electricity Used for Lighting

Nearly 10% of the electricity is consumed
for lighting in the residential & commercial
building. This amounts to a connected
load of approx. 11,000 MW and annual
electricity consumption of 50 billion KWh.

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

CFL Example
Watts

Light

Cost Life

Lumens

Rs.

Hours hrs/day

/Year

Bulb 60

700

10

1000 4

88

CFL

700

200

7000 4

22

15

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

No of

Units

Luminous Performance Characteristics of

Commonly Used Luminaries
Lum / Watt
Range

Avg.

Color Rendering
Index

Incandescent

8-18

14

Excellent

Fluorescent
Lamps

46-60

50

Compact
fluorescent lamps
(CFL)

40-70

High pressure
mercury (HPMV)

Type of Lamp

Typical Application

Life
(Hours)

Homes, restaurants,
general lighting,
emergency lighting

1000

Good w.r.t.
coating

Offices, shops, hospitals,

homes

5000

60

Very good

Hotels, shops, homes,

offices

800010000

44-57

50

Fair

General lighting in
factories, garages, car
parking, flood lighting

5000

Halogen lamps

18-24

20

Excellent

Display, flood lighting,

stadium exhibition
grounds, construction
areas

20004000

High pressure
sodium (HPSV)
SON

67-121

90

Fair

General lighting in
factories, ware houses,
street lighting

600012000

Low pressure
sodium (LPSV)
SOX

101-175

150

Poor

Roadways, tunnels,
canals, street lighting

600012000

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Energy savings in lighting

System
Make maximum use of natural light (North
roof/translucent sheets/more windows and openings)
Switch off when not required
Modify lighting layout to meet the need
Select light colours for interiors
Provide timer switches / PV controls
Provide lighting Transformer to operate at reduced
voltage
Install energy efficient lamps, luminaries and controls
Clean North roof glass, translucent sheet and luminaries
regularly
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Lighting

Separate lighting Transformer

To isolate from power feeder

To avoid voltage fluctuation problem
Energy saving at optimum voltage

Install Servo stabilizer if separate

transformer is not feasible
High frequency electronic ballast's(30khz)

Energy savings 30 to 35%

Less heat load into A/C room

Metal halide in place of Mercury and SVL lamps

CFT in place of incandescent lamps
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Fan

Fans are used extensively in summer
months. Use of high efficiency fan motor
and use of electronic regulator (in place of
conventional resistance regulator) can
lead to about 20% saving in energy. The
fans with aerodynamic designs and
improved impellers consume about 20%
less energy but are 30% costlier as
compared to conventional fans.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Refrigerator

The efficiency of refrigerators in India, is rather
poor. A typical 165 ltr. Indian refrigerator
consumes about 540 KWH per year. Whereas
on the other hand the 200 ltr. Korean model
consumes about 240 KWH per year. High
efficiency refrigerator are not manufactured in
India. This refrigerators use a different
compressor design which are very sensitive to
voltage of electric supply. Unless quality of
electric supply is improved this refrigerators can
not be improved in India.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

The electric Motors form the heart of
the industries, out of the total motors
in operation 98% is Induction Motors.
Induction Motors consumes 70% of
the total Electrical Energy generated.
Capacity of

:: Motors Torque
V2
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Causes for Energy Loss in Induction Motors

The Various causes of Energy Loss in

Induction Motors are due to the following
factors:
Over sized Motors
Rewound Motors
Improper Voltage
Less Efficient Motor Driven Equipment
Idle Run
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Over sized Induction Motor
Sizing of Motors plays a vital Role in Energy
Efficiency. It is very difficult to choose a right size
of Motor in a single step application.
In any industry while designing the capacity of
motor for a particular application involves
two/three stages. Over sizing of motor is very
common in typical industry
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Over sized Induction Motor (contd.)
The major reasons for over sizing of
motors may be due to :::
Starting torque requirements
Excess cushion & safety factors
Adhoc decisions

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Rewound Motors
Rewound Induction Motors are common in
Indian Industries. Especially, in Textiles,
Paper industries and Un-organised
sectors such as small Flour mills, Lathe
shop and Agricultural farms. Induction
Motors are used even after more than four
times rewound
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Rewound Motors (contd.)
Reason for loss in efficiency Rewound
Motors :::
Eddy Current loss eddy current loss is
proportional to the square of the thickness of the
lamination
At the time motor coil burning the temperature of
the winding rises more than 400oC, this
temperature will evaporate the burnish insulation
between lamination of both rotor and stator this
results in increase of eddy current loss
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Presence of carbon: the stator and rotor
core is made up of thin stamping (0.28mm
to 0.45mm). The stamping are insulated
from each other by varnish insulation
coating, which consists of hydrocarbon.
Therefore while motor coil burns varnish
also burns and evaporates. The resulting
deposition of some unburned carbon
between the stampings which deteriorates
the magnetic property and hence the
magnetic loss increases.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Further the presence of carbon results in
early magnetic saturation and reduces the
flux density of the stator and rotor cores
for the same magnetisation current.
Usually, the Wrought iron, and Cast iron
have early magnetic saturation and poor
magnetic property because of the high
carbon content compared to Steel. Thus in
rewound motor magnetic loss increases.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Improper Voltage
The performance of any induction motor will be
good, when the voltage/frequency ratio should
be maintained constant. If a 380 Volt 50 Hz
designed induction motor operated with 415V,
50Hz will lead to excess magnetisation loss.
This will be the case in many of the important
motor designed for other frequency and voltage
than Indian frequency & voltage.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Case Study ::In a White Cement Plant
The DG set is imported from Czechoslovakia as
a package of entire system. The cooling system
pump & motor are the part of the system. In
Czechoslovakia, the motors are designed for
380 volts, 50 Hz supply. But the cooling tower
pump motor(22KW) is operated with 415Volts,
50Hz supply, leading to excess magnetization
losses and excess temperature rise and one of
the motor has already burned out due to
insulation failure.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Case Study ::
Observations :
Surface temperature measured : 80 % loaded 415V rated motor: 50 60oC
80% loaded 380V rated motor : 72 76oC
Estimated saving potential
: 8 10%
Recommendation:
The existing 380V, 50Hz motor in the cooling
water pump (4 nos.) was replaced with 415V,
50Hz energy efficient motor which has the
annual savings of Rs. 84000/Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Less Efficient Motor Driven Equipment
Earlier for variable speed, welding application
etc., Motor Generator sets are used. This is the
Energy Inefficient practice. This offers a good
scope to reduce energy consumption by using
the latest technology to meet the requirements
For example the recent method to get accurate
variable speed control can be achieved by using
Thyristor drives which is the ideal replacement
for Ward Leonard drive. Similarly Motor
Generator set is used for welding application.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Presently few machines are driven by Ward
Leonard drives for better speed control. From
Energy Efficiency point of view Ward Leonard
drives are inefficient and operating efficiency is
only 70 to 80% for full load condition. The power
measurements indicated that no load power
consumption of the drive varies from 10 to 14%.
The modern Thyristor drives with fine speed
control is popular in Industry and its efficiency is
around 90 to 98%. The no load power
consumption is more or less negligible.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Idle Run
In some of the industrial application, the
auxiliaries equipment will run even main
equipment is switched off. There is a
possibility to switch off whenever possible
by incorporating controls like interlocks
and timer based controllers. This will
reduce the idle running time and energy
consumption.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Saving in Motors

Case Study : In a Rubber Industry ::
Presently in Preformers, the Hydraulic drives are running
continuously. The time study indicates around 5% of the time in a
day the preformer hydraulic drive is running idle. There is a scope to
reduce energy consumption during Lunch Break, Die Changing,
Material Charging & Changing time.
The Power Measurement Details are as follows :
Minicrowe Preformer :
18.5 KW
Idle running Power cons: 4.67 KW
Crowe Preformer :
30.0 KW
Idle running Power cons: 7.67 KW
Recommendation: Recommend to interlock between the rubber
cutter and hydraulic drive motor to reduce idle running during Lunch
Break, Die Changing, Material Charging & Changing time.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Demand Side Management

The total demand of an area deeps on
varying depending on the time of the day
and the season. The Load Factor is the
ratio of Average Power to Peak Power. A
high Load Factor means lower cost of
generation. Every electric utility tries to
improve the power factor to a value close
to 1.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Relative Generation Cost

Demand Side Management

1.0

Operating Cost

0.8
0.6
0.4

Fixed cost

0.2
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Load Factor
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Demand Side Management

Load management is the concept of
changing the consumers electricity use
pattern. Load management has the
purpose of improving the effect of
utilisation of generating capacity and
encouraging the best use of electricity by
all consumers of different categories.
Moreover the forced outages are reduced
and service reliability is improved.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Demand Side Management

By controlling the load at the consumer
premises the load curve can be flattened.
In this way the power generation by the
low efficiency generation units can be
minimised and forced outages are
avoided. The peak load reduction can
make it possible to postponed the building
of new power stations. In this way
considerable saving can be achieved.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Energy Conservation in Distribution (HVDS)

Reduction of line losses by replacing smaller
number of larger transformers with larger
number of smaller transformers located nearer
to loads and thus reducing the length of LT lines.
Such an arrangement will result in better
voltages, less outages, increased transformer
life, easier replacement of failed transformers
and fewer consumers are affected by
transformer failure.
Improvement of power factor to 0.9 through LV
switched capacitor panels on all transformers
supplying to pump-sets.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Smaller no. of Large Transformer Vs

Larger no. of Small Transformer
11KV Line

Large
Transformer

Small DT
Well
Small DT

Small DT
LT Line

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Energy Conservation in Distribution Transformers

All transformers feeding pump loads to be provided with
remote controlled LV circuit breakers to be operated in
rotation instead of switching off 11KV lines.
Use of energy-efficient transformers (amorphous-core
transformers) to reduce no-load losses. Typical core-loss
savings are illustrated below:
Transformer
Capacity

Losses with silicon

steel

Losses with
amorphous metal

25KVA

100W

25W

63KVA

180W

45W

100KVA

260W

60W

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Improvement of System Performance

with improvement in Capacity Factor
Generation

Transmission and Distribution

Capacity
Factor
0.4

4 Kwh

II

Capacity
Factor
0.6

2.3 Kwh

T&D
Losses
25%

3Kwh

T&D
Losses
15%

2Kwh

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

End-Use
End Conversion
Losses 66.7%

End Conversion
Losses 50%

1 Kwh

1Kwh

Network Planning Through GIS

(Geographical Information System)
o Computer-aided network planning to
minimise losses and maximise system
efficiency
o Accurate measurement of energy
consumed is necessary for energy audit to
arrive at energy conservation measures.

Energy Management Cell,

WBSEB

Need Base Energy Management

In power sector there is a distinct
difference between demand and need
Consumers of electric power could be
classified into five broad categories.

Industrial users
Agricultural sector
Commercial organisation
Domestic
Essential services
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Need Base Energy

Management
A Need based energy management would
Identify the needs of various consumers
Forecast the generation requirement based on
the need
Plan power generation as per forecast
Lay down a suitable transmission and
distribution network
Regulate distribution as per need
Monitor matching of need with supply
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Advantages of NBEM
It ensures high reliability of supply to consumers
meeting the specific demand effectively for
period of actual requirement
The system losses can be substantially reduced
since line and equipment not get overloaded at
any point of time
The voltage profile at all level is improved thus
safeguarding the customers equipment from
losing their efficiency at low voltage
The scheme facilitates the adoption of energy
conservation and energy audit policy
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB

Thank You
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB