Frequencies of Interest

Single stg, 8 bladed m/c, Brgs 22168 & 749, Flex Cplg. Speed-2940 rpm
Sr No

Description

Freq. (Hz)

Rotating Speed

49

Brg. 22168 (no of rollers 24,Roller dia

0.6,pitch dia 5.8)

Outer Race defect

263

Inner Race defect

324

Roller defect

117

Train defect

11

Bearing 749 (no of rollers 18, roller dia0.777,pitch dia-5.195)

Outer race defect

188

Inner race defect

253

Roller defect

80

Train defect

10

Rotational Orders (2X to 6X)

98,147,196,245,294

Blade passing (8X)

392

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

In phase, steady. Amplitude

speed sqd. Correction: one bal. wt.
in the plane of rotor CG.
Phase diff. 1800 Amplitude
speed sqd. Correction: bal. wts.
at least in two planes.
Phase Axial in phase, radial
unsteady.

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

Largest vib. at 1X of eccentric

component, direction thru centers
of two rotors. Horz. & vert phase
diff either oo or by 1800
High axial vib (1X Bent at cntr, 2X
bent at cplg.)
Axial phase diff. ~ 1800
Axial phase diff 1800 across cplg.
Normally high 1X,2X axial vib,
sometimes 3X

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

Radial phase diff 1800 across cplg.

2X vib often larger than 1X, severe
misalignment severe higher
harmonics upto 8X. Cplg type.
Will cause twisting motion. Axial
phase shift appx 1800 Top/Bott or
E/W. Correction: correct brg.
Installation.
Amplitude amplification
significant with speed. Phase 900
at resonance nearly 1800 when
passes thru.

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

MECHANICAL LOOSENESS
Type A : structural
weakness/looseness(m/c feet,
base plate, sole plate,
foundation. Loose fndn bolts,
grout deterioration), soft foot.
Vert phase diff. 1800 between
foot, base /base plate.
Type B : loose pillow blocks bolts/
brg pedestals/cracks in frame
structure.
Type C: Brg. Excessive
clearance, brg liner loose in cap,
loose impeller on shaf. Phase
unstable. Amplitude noticeably
different (radial 300 increments).
Subharmonic multiples at exactly
1/2X or 1/3X RPM.

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

Generates a similar
spectrum like Mech
looseness. A series of
freq often exciting one or
more resonances/
integer fractions
subharmonics(1/2X,1/3X
)

Advanced wear: upto

10X or 20X (in multiple of
1X).
Wiped: High vert
amlitude Vs Horz.
Excessive clearance;
high vibrn.

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

At 0.42 to 0.48 X
RPM,quite severe.
Inherently
unstable.
Lube oil
visc/pressure/exter
nal preload.
May occur if m/c
operated at or
above 2X rotor
critical freq. Oil film
may no longer
support. Whirl
speed will lock
onto rotor critical,
even with m/c
speed increase.

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

Stg 1: freq 20K to 60KHz.

Techniques: spike energy,
HFD, shock pulse. Spike
energy ~ 0.25gse.
Stg 2: brg component natural
freq appears (0.5 to 2KHz).
Side bands above or below to
natural freq also appear. Spike
energy ~ 0.5gse.
Stg 3: brg defect freq &
harmonics appears.sidebands
grow around. Spk energy ~
1gse or above. Visible wear.
Stg 4: Running spd harmonics
also grow. Brg. defect/
component natural freq begin
to disappear and replaced with
random high freq vibrn. Spk
energy will decrease, grow
significantly just prior to failure.

Ball & Roller Brg defects

For outer race defect F (Hz)= n/2(1-bd/pd cos)rpm
For inner race defect F (Hz)= n/2(1+bd/pd cos)rpm
For ball defect F(Hz) = pd/bd [1-(bd/pd cos)2]rpm
For train defect F(Hz)= (1-bd/pd cos)rpm
n= no of balls or rollers
bd= ball dia in mm
pd= pitch dia in mm
rpm= relative revns betn outer & inner race
= contact angle

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

A. For m/cs having blades/vanes.
Large ampld BPF if gap between
rotating vanes & stationary
diffuser not equal around. Also
due to wear rings seizure/ flow
disturbances in piping/ eccentric
placement.
B. In blowers /fans due to
pressure variations. Low freq
vibrn 50 to 2KCPM.
C. Random high freq vibrn
sometimes superimposed with
BPF harmonics. Sounds as if
gravels passing thru.

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

A. All peaks of low amplds.

Running speed sidebands around
GMF
B. Gear natural freq alongwith
running speed side bands. High
ampld sidebands around
GMF(though GMF may or may
not change), when wear is
noticeable.
C. Perform analysis at maximum
operating load. High GMF with
low sidebands, no gear natural
freq. No problem.

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

D. Eccentr/backlash/non-parallel
shaft: (GMF + sidebands) high
ampld. The sidebands freq will
determine the problematic gear.
Improper backlash: excites also
gear natural freq with 1X
sidebands. GMF ampld will reduce
with load increase.
E. Second order or higher GMF
harmonics + sidebands at 1X.
Ampld at 2X, 3X GMF higher
than 1XGMF.
F. High ampld 1XRPM of
concerned gear+ gear natural
freq + sidebands at 1XRPM. Best
detected in time domain.
G. High vibrn at low freq(<
600CPM). Maximum effect when
faulty pinion & gear teeth both
enter mesh at same time. Na =
number of unique assembly

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

A. Stator eccentricity: uneven air
gap: For induction motor 5%,
Synchronous motor 10%. Soft
foot, high vibrn at 2X line freq.
Loose Iron: due to support
weakness or looseness.
Shorted lamination: uneven
localized heating, shaft bow thus
thermally induced vibrn.
B. Pulsating vibrn between 2FL &
closest runnining speed
harmonics. Zoom facility
required to separate. Fp + Fp
sidebands around 2FL/1X. Fp. ~
20 to 120CPM.
C. High 1XRPM + Fp sidebands.
In addition cracked rotor bars will
show Fp side bands around 3X,
4X, 5XRPM.
Loose rotor bars: RBPF
alongwith 2FL sidebands and or
its harmonic. High 2XRBPF, low
1XRBPF.

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

D. Vibrn at 2FL + 1/3 FL sidebands
around 2FL. 2FL ampld may
exceed 25 mm/sec pk if left
uncorrected
E. Coil pass freq = No of stator
coils x RPM
No of stator coils = No of poles x
No of coils per pole
F. High ampld at speed controller
firing freq & harmonics ; if broken
field winding/ bad SCRs & loose
connection.
Loose / blown fuses & shorted
control cards will show high
ampld at 1X to 5X line freq. High
amplitude

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

A. 2 to 4 times belt freq. Often 2X

belt freq pk dominant. Ampld
unsteady, pulsing with either driver
or driven RPM.
On timing belt: wear/pulley
misalignmnt appears at timing belt
freq.
Belt freq = Pulley (RPM x pitch dia)
x / belt length
Timing belt freq = Pulley (RPM x
teeth)= belt freq x No. of belt teeth
B. Ratio of ampld of driver/ driven
: relative mass and frame
stiffness.

C. Ampld highest in line with the

belts.

VIBRATION DIAGNOSTIC CHART

D. Belt natural freq close to driver /
driven RPM. Can be altered by
either changing belt tension or
length.

Two closely spaced freq going

into and out of synchronisation.
The wideband spectrum shows
one pk pulsating up & down. Beat
freq . ~ 5 to 100 CPM