UNIT-IV Frequency analysis of BJT and

MOSFET amplifiers

Introduction:
General shape of frequency response of
an amplifier:
Let us consider an audio frequency
amplifier which operates over audio
frequency range extending from
20Hz to 20KHz.
The audio frequency amplifiers are
used in everyday life.

Cont
Eg:
1. Used in radio receivers
2. to address large public meeting
3. used for various announcements
Over the range of frequencies at which it is
to be used, an amplifier should ideally
provide the same amplification for all
frequencies.
The degree to which this is done by a curve
known as frequency response curve of an
amplifier.

Cont
This curve is the plot of the voltage
gain of an amplifier against the
frequency of an input signal.
To plot this curve, input voltage to an
amplifier is kept constant and
frequency of input signal is
continuously varied.
The output voltage at each frequency
of an input signal is noted and the
gain of an amplifier is calculated.

Cont
The frequency response is nearly
ideal over a wide range of midfrequency. Only at low and high
frequency ends, the gain deviates
from ideal characteristics.
Definition of cut-off frequencies
& Bandwidth.
The two frequencies are indicated by
fL & fH called lower cut-off frequency
& upper cut-off frequency.

Cont
Bandwidth:
Bandwidth of an amplifier is defined as
the difference between fH & fL.
Bandwidth = fH - fL.
These 2 frequencies are also called as half
power frequencies. Since gain or output
voltage drops to 70.7% of maximum value &
this represents a power level of one-half
power at the reference frequency in midfrequency region.

Low frequency analysis of amplifier to

obtain lower cut-off frequency

The decibel unit:

The basic for the decibel unit
origins from the logarithmic response
of the human ear to the intensity of
sound.
The decibel is a logarithmic
measurement of the ratio of one power
to another power or one voltage to the
another voltage.

Cont
Voltage gain in dB is given by
Voltage gain = 20 log (AV)
Power gain in dB is given by,
Power gain = 10 log (AP)
When AV is greater than one, the dB is
positive.
When AV is less than one, the dB is negative.
The positive & negative sign of dB indicates
the amplification and attenuation
respectively

Significance of Octaves and Decades

The Octaves and Decades are the
measures of change in frequency.
A ten times change in frequency is
called a decade.
On the other hand, an octave
correspond to a doubling or halving
of the frequency.