PENGEMBANGAN

FORMAT PENGKAJIAN
BERDASARKAN TEORI
KEPERAWATAN

Ghulam Ahmad
NIM. 2151140003

Description Theories
The Self-Care or Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing
is composed of three interrelated theories:
(1) the theory of self-care,
(2) the self-care deficit theory, and
(3) the theory of nursing systems
Orems theory defined Nursing as The act of
assisting others in the provision and management
of self-care to maintain or improve human
functioning at home level of effectiveness.
It focuses on each individuals ability to perform
self-care, defined as the practice of activities that
individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf
in maintaining life, health, and well-being.

Assumptions
The assumptions of Dorothea Orems Self-Care Theory are:
In order to stay alive and remain functional, humans engage in
constant communication and connect among themselves and their
environment.
The power to act deliberately is exercised to identify needs and to
make needed judgments.
Mature human beings experience privations in the form of action
in care of self and others involving making life-sustaining and
function-regulating actions.
Human agency is exercised in discovering, developing, and
transmitting to others ways and means to identify needs for, and
make inputs into, self and others.
Groups of human beings with structured relationships cluster tasks
and allocate responsibilities for providing care to group members.

Self Care
Self-care is the performance or
practice of activities that individuals
initiate and perform on their own
behalf to maintain life, health and
well-being.

Self-care Deficit
Self-care Deficit delineates when
nursing is needed.
Nursing is required when an adult (or
in the case of a dependent, the
parent or guardian) is incapable of or
limited in the provision of continuous
effective self-care.

Nursing Agency
Nursing Agency is a complex
property or attribute of people
educated and trained as nurses that
enables them to act, to know, and to
help others meet their therapeutic
self-care demands by exercising or
developing their own self-care
agency.

Nursing System
Nursing System is the product of a
series of relations between the
persons: legitimate nurse and
legitimate client.
This system is activated when the
clients therapeutic self-care demand
exceeds available self-care agency,
leading to the need for nursing.

Self-care Requisites
Self-care Requisites or requirements
can be defined as actions directed
toward the provision of self-care. It is
presented in three categories:
Universal self-care requisites
Developmental self-care requisites
Health deviation self-care requisites

Universal self-care requisites

Associated with life processes and the maintenance of the integrity of
human structure and functioning.

The maintenance of a sufficient intake of air

The maintenance of a sufficient intake of water
The maintenance of a sufficient intake of food
The provision of care associated with elimination process and
excrements
The maintenance of a balance between activity and rest
The maintenance of a balance between solitude and social interaction
The prevention of hazards to human life, human functioning, and
human well-being
The promotion of human functioning and development within social
groups in accord with human potential, known human limitations, and
the human desire to be normal

Developmental self-care requisites

Developmental self-care requisites
are either specialized expressions of
universal self-care requisites that
have been particularized for
developmental processes or they are
new requisites derived from a
condition or associated with an
event.

Health deviation self-care requisites

Health deviation self-care requisites
are required in conditions of illness,
injury, or disease or may result from
medical measures required to
diagnose and correct the condition.

Wholly compensatory nursing

system
This is represented by a situation in which the
individual is unable to engage in those selfcare actions requiring self-directed and
controlled ambulation and manipulative
movement or the medical prescription to
refrain from such activity Persons with these
limitations are socially dependent on others for
their continued existence and well-being.
Example: care of a new born, care of client
recovering from surgery in a post-anesthesia
care unit

Partial compensatory nursing

system
This is represented by a situation in which
both nurse and perform care measures or
other actions involving manipulative tasks
or ambulation [Either] the patient or the
nurse may have the major role in the
performance of care measures.
Example: Nurse can assist postoperative
client to ambulate, Nurse can bring a meal
tray for client who can feed himself

Supportive-educative system
This is also known as supportivedevelopmental system, the person is
able to perform or can and should learn to
perform required measures of externally
or internally oriented therapeutic self-care
but cannot do so without assistance.
Example: Nurse guides a mother how to
breastfeed her baby, Counseling a
psychiatric client on more adaptive coping
strategies.

Orems Theory and

The Nursing Process
The Nursing Process presents a
method in determining self-care
deficits and to define the roles of
persons or nurse to meet the selfcare demands.

STEP 1 : ASSESMENT
Collect Data in Six Areas
The persons health status
The physicians perspective of the persons
health status
The persons perspective of his or health
health
The health goals within the context of life
history, lifestyle, and health status.
The persons requirements for self-care
The persons capacity to perform self-care

STEP 2 : Nursing Diagnosis & Plans

The nurse designs a system that is wholly or
partly compensatory or supportive-educative.
The two actions are:
(1)Bringing out a good organization of the
components of patients therapeutic self-care
demands.
(2)Selection of combination of ways of helping
that will be effective and efficient in
compensating for/overcoming patients selfcare deficits.

Step 3 : Implementation &

Evaluation
Nurse assists the patient or family in
self-care matters to achieve
identified and described health and
health-related results.
Collecting evidence in evaluating
results achieved against results
specified in the nursing system
design.
Actions are directed by etiology
component of nursing diagnosis.

Conclusion
Orems theory is relatively simple, but generalizable to apply
to a wide variety of patients. It explains the terms self-care,
nursing systems, and self-care deficit which are very essential
to students who plan to start their career in nursing.
Moreover, this theory signifies that all patients want to care
for themselves, and they are able to recover more quickly and
holistically by performing their own self-care as much as
theyre able. This theory is particularly used in rehabilitation
and primary care or other settings in which patients are
encouraged to be independent.
Though this theory greatly influences every patients
independence, the definition of self-care cannot be directly
applied to those who needs complete care or assistance with
self-care activities such as the infants and the aged.