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Navigating the Globe

Navigating the Body

Rostral (or anterior) towards the nose
(rostral rhymes with nostril )

Caudal (or posterior) towards the tail

(or rear)
Dorsal (or superficial) towards the
back
Medial towards the midline
Ventral (or inferior) towards the belly
Lateral toward the side
dors
al
rostr
al

caud
al
ventra
l
fair game on test

m
e
d
i
a
l

lateral

Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

(PNS)
somatic (voluntary)
visceral (autonomic)

fair game on test

Gross Anatomical Appearance of the Brain, different views

anterior

posterior
dorsal view

ventral view
anterior

posterior

posterior

This slide is fair game onright

test

side, lateral view

Link fun to look at , not on test http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/3d /

left side, lateral view

A detour through the non-neural

trappings of the brain
Connective Tissues
Dura Mater ("hard mother")
The leathery membrane
Skull or Cranium
encasing the brain and spinal
cord. On the exterior it is
anchored to the cranium and
interior to the pia.
Pia Mater ("soft mother")
A film of connective tissue
supplied with capillaries that
nourish the brain.

know bolded terms

Arachnoid ("spidery" ) network

between the dura and pia that is
richly vascularized. It is
attached to the dura one one
side and the pia on the other.
There is a space between the pia
mater and arachnoid (sub
arachnoid space) filled with
cerebro-spinal fluid. This area

Ventricles
(Brain spaces filled with
cerebral spinal fluid)
ventsY.mov

Divisions of the Central Nervous System

Embryonic Brain

Prosencephalon
Forebrain

telencephal
on

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
etc.

Thalamus
Hypothalam
us
etc.
Mesencephalon mesencephalonTectum
Midbrain
etc.
diencephalon

metencephalon Cerebellum
Pons
Rhombencephalon
etc.
Hindbrain
myelencephalonMedulla oblongata
etc.
Spinal cord
know this too

General terms : macroscopic features: Part 1

Some words we use when talking about the Cerebral
Cortex (similar terms are used to discuss the Cerebellar
Cortex).
Hemisphere (half a sphere, in the cerebral cortex there is
a right and a left hemisphere, for example)
Cortex (rind, usually cortical structures are organized into
layers)
Cerebral cortex (neocortex, archicortex,
paleocortex)
Cerebellar cortex
Lobe (chunk of cortex separated from the next chunk by a
deep groove)
Gyrus (ridge)
Sulcus
(groove, valley)
Fissure
(deep sulcus sometimes used
know bolded terms
interchangeably with
sulcus)

Surface anatomy, lateral view

central sulcus
parietal lobe

frontal
lobe

calcarine
sulcus
(or fissure)
occipital
lobe

lateral
sulcus (or
fissure)
cerebellum
brainstem
Caudal

temporal lobe
Rostral

Surface anatomy, medial view

brainlobesX.mov

frontal lobe

corpus callosum

parietal lobe

occipital
lobe

thalamus

hypothalamus

midbrain
temporal lobe
Rostral

pons

cerebellum
Caudal

medulla

Hippocampus and Pirifrom cortex

Pirifrom cortex
(paleocortex)

Hippocampus
(archicortex)

hippoYtrans.mov

you'll see this again in later lectures

General terms used to discuss the brain: macroscopic features:

Brain tissue is divided up into :
Grey matter: cell bodies
White matter: myelinated axons (fibers)
Nuclei:
cell bodies
Fascicles:
Peduncles:

roughly circumscribed groups of

bundle of fibers
thick bundles of fibers that connect big
parts of the brain to other big parts of the

brain

No, you don't have to

memorize the structures here.
This image is just to illustrate
terms above.
But remember that a good
neurosurgeon can close her
eyes an visualize all.

Targeting specific brains structures:

Constructing maps of the brain

Brains are
usually cut in
one of three
orthogonal
planes

Coronal

Horizontal

Sagittal

https://msu.edu/~bra
ins/brains/human/cor
onal/montage.html

know the three planes

stained for somas

stained for myelin

https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/index.

Victor Horsley (1857-1916)

Original Horsley-Clarke
stereotaxic apparatus

Horsley-Clarke stereotaxic
apparatus in use during
surgery

HorselyClark -- used landmarks on the

skull (bony ridges and hollows) serve as
reference points.
latero-lateral (x)
dorso-ventral (y)
rostro-caudal (z)
Thus he was able to construct an atlas of
the human brain, in which each region has
know what a stereotaxic is used for and understand the concept of coordinates to navigate the brain
unique coordinates

The 'Talairach' coordinate system is

commonly used today. It is more
robust to variation among
individuals and uses a different
definition of coordinates but is
conceptually similar to the Horsley
Clarke system. Its reference point
is a structure inside the head which
can be visualized using Magnetic
Resonance Imaging.

Jean Talairach, 1911-2007

show nice movies, if time permits

Localization of Function

Franz Joseph Gall

1758-1828

Phrenology, localization of mental faculties based on features

of the skull.
This idea was popular, but wackadoodle nonetheless.

Phineas Gage

Localization of Executive Function

"His contractors, who regarded him as the
most efficient and capable foreman in
their employ previous to his injury,
considered the change in his mind so
marked that they could not give him his
place again. He is fitful, irreverent,
indulging at times in the grossest profanity
(which was not previously his custom),
manifesting but little deference for his
fellows, impatient of restraint or advice
when it conflicts with his desires, at times
pertinaciously obstinate, yet capricious
and vacillating, devising many plans of
future operation, which are no sooner
arranged than they are abandoned in turn
for others appearing more feasible. In this
regard, his mind was radically changed, so
decidedly
that his from
friends
Harlow
JM. Recovery
the and
passage of an iron
acquaintances
saidPubl
he was
bar
through the head.
Mass"no
Medlonger
Soc.
1868;2:327347.
Gage."

Before (normal subjects)

After (hypothesized damage to brain pathw

Van Horn et al., PloSOne 2012

Lateralization and localization of function

Pierre Paul Broca

1824-1880

Pierre Paul Broca studied patients

who could not speak. One severely
afflicted patient who could only utter
one word "tan" had a lesion caused
by syphilis that destroyed a small
region in the left inferior frontal lobe.
The brain was preserved and you can
see a modern photo at right.

Carl Wernicke, discovered a similar

area in the superior temporal lobe
correlated with a loss of the ability to
recognize words.
Carl Wernicke
1848-1905

Spatial organization of function with an single region

Wilder Penfield
(1891-1976)

Discovered the motor homunculus by stimulating the brain of patients duri

motor homunculus :a map of the body laid out over a specific regio

"The Cerebral Cortex of Man. A Clinical

Study of Localization of Function" (1950),

HM: Localization of regions that form memories

Bilateral resection of the hippocampi and surrounding structures
resulting in (partial) retrograde and anterograde amnesia.

HM: Henry Moliason

Brenda
Milner

We conducted magnetic resonance imaging studies to

specify precisely thee xtent of his bilateral resection to
document any other brain
abnormalities. The MRI studies indicated that the lesion
was bilaterally symmetrical and included the medial
temporal polar cortex, most of the amygdaloid complex,
most or all of the
entorhinal cortex, and approximately half of the
rostrocaudal extent of the intraventricular portion of the
hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, hippocampus, and
subicular complex). The
collateral sulcus was visible throughout much of the
temporal lobe, indicating that portions of the ventral
perirhinal cortex, located on the banks of the sulcus, were
spared; the parahippocampal cortex (areas TF and TH) was
largely intactThese findings reinforce the view that
lesions of the hippocampal formation and adjacent cortical
structures can produce global and enduring amnesia and
Corkincan
etal_J
Neurosci,
1997
exacerbate
amnesia
beyond that seen after more
hippocampal
Corkinselective
et al, Nat.
Commi. 2014
lesions.

http://thebrainobservatory.org/hmvideos

Location of Sensory Cortices

Primary Sensory (and motor)
Areas:
Neocortex:
Auditory (tonotopic map)

Somatosensory (somatopic
map)

Visual (retinotopic map)

Primary Sensory Area:
Piriform cortex
(Olfaction)
you'll see this again in later lectures

Cerebellum

Cerebellum:
motor
functions

you'll see this again in later lectures

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

thaltrans.mov

Pituitary Gland:
secretes hormones,
regulated by the
hypothalamus

Hypothalamus:
many nuclei
involved in
motivated

Thalamus:
many thalamic
nuclei relay
relay
information
about the
senses to the
cortex

Basal Ganglia

Basal Gaglia: a
group of nuclei
involved with
motor function
Caudate
Putamen
Globus
pallidus
Substantia
nigra

caudtrans.mov
putamentrans.mov
subnigra.mov

Lateral
head of the Caudate nucleus (floor of the lateral
ventricle)
Ventricle

Brainstem
medial view

lateral view
Tectum:
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus

midbrain

Cerebellar
peduncles

midbrain

pons

medulla

pons
medulla
brainstem.mov
you'll see this again in later lectures

Spinal Cord

cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacral

you'll see this again in later lectures

Brodmann and the concept of cytoarchitecture

Figure 1 | Korbinian Brodmann and his work. a | Korbinian Brodmann.b | The cover page of Brodmanns seminal
monograph from 1909.
c | Brodmann in the Neurobiologisches Laboratorium of ccile and Oskarvogt in Berlin. d | One of Brodmanns
cytoarchitectonic micrographs, showing
the border (indicated by the arrow) between Area 4 (primary motor cortex; left side) and Area 3 (primary somatosensory cortex; right
side). The
handwritten inscription in the upper right corner reads (in translation):transition between type 4 and type 3; anterior wall of the
central sulcus.
e | Another of Brodmanns cytoarchitectonic maps, showing the border (indicatedby the asterisk) between area 17 (primary

Brodmanns Cytoarchitechtonic Map of the Cerebral Cortex

Top

Front

Back

Bottom
Brodmann, 1909

Different Brodmann areas really do correlate with different

functions

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Pyramidal Cell Stained using the Golgi Method

Dendrite

Som
a
Axon

Intracellularly Labeled Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons in Cortex

Spiny Cells (excitatory)

e.g. Pyramidal Cell

Smooth Cell (inhibitory)

e.g. Basket Cell

FrontT

Sensory input from the thalamus enters into layer 4

(for the most part)

op

thalamic
axon

Brodmann, 1909

Ramon y Cajal
1909-1911

Peters & Payne,

1993

Clarity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=AdZqZtWB7vU
http://clarityresourcecenter.com/clarit
y_movies.html