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05b-Sensory Function
05b-Sensory Function
SENSORY FUNCTION
OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
www.physiology.sdu.edu.cn
By Sawiji Amani
Mobile phone: 081 328 028333
E-mail: sawijiamani@gmail.com
Basic Sciences Department
Muhammadiyah Gombong University
Central Java Indonesia
I Sensory pathways
Sensory
1. Sensory receptors
A
Sensory receptors
Sensory receptors
Sensory receptors: organs which detect
sensory stimuli .
Sensory stimuli: sensation modality (touch,
sound, light, pain, cold, and warmth..etc)
Sensory receptors
Mechanoreceptors: detect mechanical compression or
stretching of tissues
2. Sensory pathways: 3
neurons
1st:
2nd:
pain, temperature,
touch and pressure signals
1st neuron enters spinal
cord through dorsal root
2nd neuron crosses over in
spinal cord; ascends to
thalamus
3rd neuron projects from
thalamus to somatosensory
cortex
spinothalamic
pathway
Spinothalamic Pathway
Primary somatosensory
cortex (S1)
Thalamus
Medulla
Pain, temperature,
some touch
Spinothalamic damage
spinothalamic pathway
Left
spinal cord injury
Two-Point Discrimination
dorsal
cloumn
pathway
Dorsal column
nuclei
Thalamus
Medulla
Dorsal column
Medial
lemniscus
Spinal cord
Dorsal
column
damage
dorsal column
pathway
Left
spinal cord injury
ataxia
Patient
staggers; cannot
perceive position or
movement of legs
Visual
ataxia[ah-takse-ah]failure
of muscular
coordination; irregularity of muscular
action. adj., adj atactic, ataxic.
sensoryataxia: ataxia due to loss of
proprioception (joint position sense),
resulting in poorly judged movements and
becoming aggravated when the eyes are
closed.
Central
Pathways
unconscious
proprioception signals
Receptors in muscles &
joints
1st neuron: enters spinal
cord through dorsal root
2nd neuron: ascends to
cerebellum
No 3rd neuron to cortex,
hence unconscious
4. Somatosensorycortex
Located in the postcentral gyrus of the
human cerebral cortex.
LobusParietalis:Fungsi&AsosiasiSomatosensoris
Gyrus postsentral : kortekssomatosensoriprimer
Sentuhan/raba lembut, tekanan, nyeri & suhu, sensasi umum di kepala
Sensory homunculus (representasi disproporsional)
(theexception:
thesameside
oftheface).
2)Thelips,face
andthumbare
representedby
largeareasinthe
somaticcortex,
whereasthetrunk
andlowerpartof
thebody,relatively
smallarea.
3)Theheadinthemostlateralportion,andthe
lowerbodyispresentedmedially
II.Pain
Elicits
1. Nociceptors
free nerve endings in
skin respond to
noxious stimuli
Nociceptors
Nociceptors
Nociopectors
Adequate Stimulation
Temperature
Mechanical damage
Chemicals (released from
damaged tissue)
Bradykinin,serotonin,
histamine,K+,acids,
acetylcholine,andproteolytic
enzymescanexcitethe
chemicaltypeofpain.
Prostaglandinsand
substancePenhancethe
sensitivityofpainendings
butdonotdirectlyexcite
them.
Hyperalgesia:
Theskin,joints,ormusclesthathavealreadybeen
damagedareunusuallysensitive.Alighttouchtoa
damagedareamayelicitexcruciatingpain;
Primary hyperalgesiaoccurswithintheareaof
damagedtissue;
Secondary hyperalgesiaoccurswithinthetissues
surroundingadamagedarea.
2. Localization of Pain
Superficial Somatic Pain arises from skin areas
Deep Somatic Pain arises from muscle, joints,
tendons & fascia
Visceral Pain arises from receptors in visceral organs
localized damage (cutting) intestines causes no pain
diffuse visceral stimulation can be severe
distension of a bile duct from a gallstone
distension of the ureter from a kidney stone
Fast
pain (acute)
Slow
pain (chronic)
spinothalamic
pathway
to reticular
formation
A nerve
C nerve
nociceptor
nociceptor
somatosensory
cortex
thalamus
spinothalamic
pathway
reticular
formation
4. Visceral pain
Notable features of visceral pain:
Often accompanied by strong autonomic
and/or somatic reflexes
Poorly localized;
may be referred referred pain
Mostly caused by distension of hollow
organs or ischemia (localized mechanical
trauma may be painless)
Referred pain
Pain
originating from
organs perceived as
coming from skin
Site
of pain may be
distant from organ
Convergence theory:
Thistypeofreferredpainoccurs
becausebothvisceraland
somaticafferentsoftenconverge
onthesameinterneuronsinthe
painpathways.
Referred pain
Excitationofthesomatic
afferentfibersisthemoreusual
sourceofafferentdischarge,
sowereferthelocationof
visceralreceptoractivationto
thesomaticsourceeventhough
inthecaseofvisceralpain.
Theperceptionisincorrect.
The convergence of
nociceptor input from the
viscera and the skin.
descending nerve
fibers from brain
pain pathways
neurons
Descending nerve fibers from brain
6. Pain Relief
Aspirin
Patients
Some Explanations
(Tortora & Derrickson, 2006:552)
1.
2.
3.
amputee.
Many report that the pain is severe or
extremely intense, and that it often does not
respond to traditional pain medication therapy.
In such cases, alternative treatments may
include electrical nerve stimulation,
acupuncture, and biofeedback.