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(1-3 Years) : Learning Guide - 4
(1-3 Years) : Learning Guide - 4
(1-3 Years) : Learning Guide - 4
Learning Guide - 4
Text Book
Kozier & Erbs Fundamentals of Nursing
concepts, process and practice. 8th edition.
Chapter 21
Pages: 373 - 377.
Physiological development
Skin: Ability to prevent fluid loss increases. Eccrine
sweat glands produce small amounts of perspiration.
Sebum production is inadequate, leading to dry skin.
Cardiovascular system: Pulse rate decreases and
BP increases. Thermoregulation by capillaries is more
effective.
Blood values: RBC count is slightly higher. WBC
count comes down but the ability to fight infections is
increased.
Respiratory system: Respiratory rate decreases.
Eustachian tube is short and straight and infections
from the nasopharynx easily reach to the ears. Toddler
develops Otitis media as a complication of
nasopharyngitis.
Motor development
Fine muscle coordination and gross motor skills
improve during toddler hood. Also, most children
are toilet trained by 3 years
Aaaaaa
Characteristics of psychosocial
development
Negativism: Responding with no.
Temper tantrums
Ritualistic behavior: Repetitive acts performed by the child.
It is a way of relieving anxiety for them. E.g. Prefers sitting
on a chair, prefers a plate or cup. Parents can follow the
same rituals at the same time everyday so as to make the
child care easier.
Ambivalence: Coexistence of love and hate towards the
same person or object. E.g. Toddler wants to push the
mother away and at the same time wants to cling to her.
Separation anxiety: Fear and frustration that comes with
parental absences.
Regression: Reverting to an earlier developmental stage.
Eg. Restarting bed-wetting, using baby talk.
Language development
15 months
Uses expressive jargon
Says 4 to 6 words
Ask for objects by pointing
Understands simple commands
Language development
18 months
Says 10 or more words
Points to a common objects shoes or ball
Points 2 or 3 body parts
Language development
24 months
vocabulary of 300 words
uses 2 to 3 word phrases
uses pronouns I, me, you
understands directional commands
says first name
refers to self by name
verbalizes need for food or toileting
Language development
30 months
gives first and last name
refers to self by appropriate pronoun
uses plurals
names one color.
Nutrition
Functions of play
Types of play
On looker play ( watching TV )
Unoccupied play ( involvement in independent
activities like climbing on a chair )
Solitary play ( play alone with toys )
Parallel play ( child sits with other children but not
cooperating or interacting with them )
Associate play ( playing with other children,
sharing things eg: building a tower with another
child )
Prevention of accidents
Select safe toys
No sharp or rough edges
No small removable parts
No beads, marbles or coins which can be
aspirated
Toys should not be flammable nor coated with
lead paint
Prevention of accidents
Do not leave the child alone without the
supervision of adults
Keep containers, doors, refrigerator, cabinets,
drawers and gates locked
Keep windows and balconies screened
Keep the floor cleaned
Sharp objects should be kept out of children reach
Supervise while climbing heights
Prevention of accidents
Teach the child the meaning of No and
Dont . Make the child understand that this
means danger.
Place hot pots on back burners with
handles turned inward
Lock up cleaning lotions, insecticides and
medicines
Use low bed
Cover electrical outlets with safety cover or
plugs
Teach child not to put objects in the mouth,
ear or nose
Health problems
Infections: Should be vaccinated against
common childhood infections.
Vaccinations- DPT , Hib & OPV booster at 18
months
Meningitis at 2 years
OPV 21/2years
Amblyopia: Decreased visual acuity of one eye.
Strabismus: Cross-eye
Dental caries:
Avoid excessive
sweets.
Do not keep milk
bottle in the mouth
while sleeping.
Brushing the teeth
and cleaning after
feeds.
Regular dental
check up.
Developmental problems
Negativism
Temper tantrum
Ritualism
Ambivalence
Sibling rivalry
Bed wetting
Sleep problems nightmares, fear of darkness
Separation anxiety