The Philosophical Foundations of

Education
Foundations of
Education
1st Semester AY 2012-2013

Lorie-Ann V.
Placido
MAIP

Topic Outline
The Philosophy of the Renaissance
Period

Modern Philosophies of Education

Renaissance Period

Monalisa by Leonardo
Da Vinci

Pieta by Michelangelo

Renaissance Period

Gutenburg Perfect Printing

C. Columbus discovered
America

Renaissance Period

Columbus discovers
the earth revolved
around the sun

Martin Luther founded a new

religion

The Philosophy of the

Renaissance Period
Most authorities agree that modern times began
with the RENAISSANCE.
It was a general re-awakening, a revival or rebirth
of learning.
The renaissance upheld the dignity of the human
being, renewed the spirit of nationalism.
It is also the time for increased trade among
countries, and a period of exploration.
This lead to scientific research which was used to
solve problems.
Books were printed and thus were made more
widely available.

Different movements that arise

during the Renaissance Period

Humanism
The Reformation
Protestant Reformation
Catholic-Counter Reformation
Realism
Disciplinism
Rationalism
Naturalism
Nationalism
Developmentalism

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period - HUMANISM

Derived from studia humanitatis which

means studies of humanity
This movement started in the early part
of the 14th century.
This period was marked by a revival of
the classical influences of the Romans
and Greeks, expressed in the flowering
of the arts and literature as well as the
beginning of modern science (Duca:1998)

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period - HUMANISM

It was a way of life concerned with the

fullest realization of human
development.

It may be traced to the saying of

Protagoras, Man is the measure of all
things, of those that are, that they are,
of those that are not, that they are not
(Tulio:1999)

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period - HUMANISM

Humanistic Education was the

outgrowth of the renaissance. It
identified two phases:

1. Italian or individual humanism

2. Social humanism

1. Italian or
individual
humanism
This stressed
personal
culture,
individual
freedom and
the
developme
nt
of the elite
group.

Popular Humanist during this

time:
DANTE
ALIGHIERI
Author of Divine
Comedy

Popular Humanist during this

time:
Petrarch
A prolific writer
and a
progressiv
e
thinker

Popular Humanist during this

time:
Da Feltre
A scholar and
educator who
opened the
schools
for the poor

1. Social
Humanism
this gave more
emphasis on
moral
and social
reforms
as the best
means
for providing
rich
and full lives
for all

Popular Humanist during this

time:

Erasmus
-

a Dutch scholar

Known for his

educational
works Liberal
Education of
children & On
the Order of
Study

HUMANISM contributed the following

to education:
1. Allowed the development of educational
talent.
2. Encouraged involvement and
participation in all educational
opportunities.
3. Encouraged students toward
actualization and self fulfillment.
4. Placed a premium on humanity and
individual potential.
5. Introduced innovations in teaching
methods.
6. Stimulated creativity and independence
among students.
7. Increased person to person interaction.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period THE REFORMATION

This was one of the movements during the

16th century directed against the practices
of Roman Catholic Church.
Reformation was not merely a reform in
religious doctrine. It involved political,
economic, moral, philosophical and
institutional changes.
Credit to its success was MARTIN LUTHER,
an Augustinian monk and professor of
theology at the newly-established
University of Wittenburg.
He was threatened with excommunication
from the Catholic faith,
LUTHER and other protestant reformers,
formed a movement called Protestant
Reformation

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period THE REFORMATION

Protestant Reformation

The aim of Protestant Reformers was

religious moralism living a worthy life
would guarantee a glorious after life.
Education must provide adequate
training in the duties at home.
It also promoted parental discipline and
a sound family life as a foundations of a
good government.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period THE REFORMATION

Protestant Reformation

3 Types of Protestant Schools

1. Vernacular school. This was organized
for popular education. The educational
system was compulsory.
2. Secondary School. The protestant
reformation gained greatest strides in
the secondary level.
3. University School. Trained the masses
and other future leaders.

Popular scholar during this time:

Melanchtion
-

One of the
greatest
Scholars who made
a
Survey of what was
in
Germany.
-the outcome of
which
became the basis of
the
SAXONY Plan to
establish a

Popular scholar during this time:

Melanchtion
Methods used in school were:

Reading
Correct pronunciation of words
Memorization of answers from the
Gospel
Hymns and Psalms

Eventually, classroom instruction

became more
rigid, discipline was harsh and religious
Indoctrination was the chief method
used.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period CATHOLIC COUNTER

REFORMATION

This was another movement intended to

clarify doctrine and improve the
practices of the catholic practices of the
Catholic Church.

This aimed to develop an unquestioning

obedience to the authority of the church

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period CATHOLIC COUNTER

REFORMATION

The different religious congregation also

stressed
their own aims:
The Jesuit schools were designated to
train leaders
The Christian Brothers
Jansenists will teach spiritual salvation.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period CATHOLIC COUNTER

REFORMATION

Jesuits schools were designated to train

leaders
through the following:
1. Doing a small amount of work at a time and
doing it well.
2. Two steps in the teaching method: pre
selection and repetition.
3. Adapting the lesson to the abilities and
interests of the children.
4. Student participation through the question
and answer method.
5. Repetition for mastery.
6. Review
7. Motivation by rivalry and emulation.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period REALISM

Realism maintained that education

should be concerned with actualization
of life.
They believed that the new type of
education should be developed to
prepare the child for the concrete duties
of practical living.
The difference between realist,
humanist and reformers gave rise to
various groups of realists.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period REALISM various

groups

1. Verbal Realist aimed at complete

knowledge and understanding of
human society and to fit the individual
to the environment in which he lived.
3 Famous verbal realists
a. Vives
b. Rabelais
c. Milton

Popular scholar during this time:

Vives (Spanish) believed that
education
should develop personality. To do
this a
teacher should study each pupil
individually
adapt school work.

Popular scholar during this time:

Rabelais (French)
stressed that the aim
of
learning was the
development of a
whole
person

Popular scholar during this time:

Milton (English) said

that
education was to
prepare

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period REALISM various

groups

2. Social Realists were members of the

aristocracy who claimed that education
should best develop mans contact with
people and their activities rather than
through books.

Popular scholar during this time:

Montaigne a
famous
social
realists. He
proposed a
broad social
education
that would
make young
aristocrats
men of the
world

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period REALISM various

groups

3. Sense Realists emphasized a practical

type of education that stressed
scientific training. They favored
democratic education and the uses of
vernacular.

Popular scholar during this time:

Comenius
had
More
symphath
y
for the
masses and
he
Championed
education for
all.

Popular scholar during this time:

Mulcaster
emphasized
that
children must
be
Studied
thoroughly,
their
innate abilities
should
respected.
He
recomme
nds
that games,
play,

Popular scholar during this time:

Bacon
Stressed
mans
dominance
over
things. He
used
the inductive
method of
learning.

Popular scholar during this time:

Ratke
Emphasized
the
development
of a
natural
method
of teaching.
Repetition he
insisted must
be
done as often
as
possible. He
also
prescribed

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period DISCIPLINISM

It was the two doctrine characterized by

two reactions during the 1st half of the
18th century: the rise of formal
discipline; and the development of
reason or rationalism.

Popular scholar during this time:

John Locke
Strongly
Advocated the
disciplinary
theory
of education in
his
Some Thoughts
Concerning
Education
believing that
the
mind of the
child
at birth was a
blank tablet or

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period RATIONALISM

It was the movement that upheld the right

of each individual to his own opinion,
liberty of conscience and freedom of
thought.
This was considered as the age of
REASON, some times known as the AGE
OF ENLIGHTENMENT.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period NATURALISM

The most influential movement of the 18th

century which stood for education in
accordance with nature.

Popular scholar during this time:

Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
Believed
that
the
basic tenet of
naturalism was
conviction and
that
the
natural
growth
of children in a
Natural
Environment
Constituted
Adequate

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period NATURALISM Key

Concepts and the Educators role based on

the Doctrine of Naturalism accdg, to Tulio.
Key Concepts

1. Education must satisfy the

basic needs of man as an
individual.

2. Education is geared to
individual growth each
child.

Naturalist Education

-it is the role of education to

provide knowledge and skills
that are fundamental forces
within the individual to seek
satisfaction.
-Believes that each child
follows a logical pattern of
growth and development and
that education must be
attuned to these natural
patterns.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period NATURALISM Key

Concepts and the Educators role based on

the Doctrine of Naturalism accdg, to Tulio.
Key Concepts

3. Education is not simply

mental in nature.

4. Students educate
themselves

Naturalist Education

-Advocates the education of

both mind and body.
Encourages the development
of moral character, discipline
and physical well being.
-Education involves self
activity Activities are offered
for exploratory purposes and
for the development of
aesthetics and self
expression.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period NATURALISM Key

Concepts and the Educators role based on

the Doctrine of Naturalism accdg, to Tulio.
Key Concepts

Naturalist Education

5. The teacher has an

awareness of the nature of
the child.

-Awareness that natural

environment is responsible
for the development of the
individual differences, each
child has a distinct learning
needs that require
individualized learning
activities.

6. Teacher as a guide in the

intellectual process,

-The education and

instruction used must be
based on the understanding
level of the children to
naturally develop them
according to their needs and
interests.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period NATIONALISM

The rapid rise of nationalism in the 19th

century stimulated the development of
the state-controlled and state
supported public school system
because naturalism focused on the
patriotic citizenship.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period NATIONALISM

The salient points brought about by

naturalist education.
1. Grammar became the leading subject in
the curriculum.
2. Acquisition of knowledge and skills
through the 3rs
3. Use of the project method which gave
pupils a chance to work on actual
practical problems.
4. Increase in public funds to support
colleges and universities.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period DEVELOPMENTALISM

This was a child centered theory that

emphasized a careful study of the child.
Developmentalists viewed education as
a natural process, a growth and
unfolding of innate talents and
potentials.

Popular scholar during this time:

Johann
Heinrich
Pestalozzi
He combined
physical, moral,
intellectual and
manual work in
his
aim to
psychologize
education.

Popular scholar during this time:

Johnann
Freidrich
Herbart
His

central
principle
was that ideas
are
developed in the
mind through
external stimuli.

Popular scholar during this time:

Friedrich
Froebel
His theory was
based
on
the concept
of
the
absolute as
a
creative
force.

Different movements that arise during the

Renaissance Period DEVELOPMENTALISM

Formulated 5 basic principles of teaching.

The Principle of Self Activity

The Principle of Interest
The Principle of Apperception
Principle of Individual Difference
Principle of Socialization.

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF
EDUCATION - Idealism
This school of thought holds that
knowledge is independent of sense
perception or experience.
This also claims that mans knowledge
is based on his mental state and the
mental stimulus perceived by mans
soul comes from an infinite spirit which
is God.
The idealist expects the teachers to be
role models of intellectual, moral,
aesthetic, and vocational excellence to
their students.
They should teach by example.

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF
EDUCATION - Progressivism
This school of thought holds that
knowledge is independent of sense
perception or experience.
This also claims that mans knowledge
is based on his mental state and the
mental stimulus perceived by mans
soul comes from an infinite spirit which
is God.
The idealist expects the teachers to be
role models of intellectual, moral,
aesthetic, and vocational excellence to
their students.
They should teach by example.

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF
EDUCATION - Existentialism
It is a philosophical doctrine which
emphasize the freedom of human beings
to make choices, in a world where there
is no absolute values outside man itself.
The decisions that a man makes will
enable him to realize what kind of
person he will be and will make him
distinct from other people.
And if a person has developed and is
aware of his own identity, he will be able
to find meaning and purpose for his
existence.
Education to the existentialist should
enable man to make choices for his life.

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF
EDUCATION - Essentialist
It is an philosophical theory that
ascribes ultimate reality to essence
embodied in a thing perceptible to the
senses.
In education, it is a philosophy holding
that certain basic ideas and skills or
disciplines essential to ones culture are
formulable and should be taught to all
alike by certain time-tested methods.

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES
OF EDUCATION

Idealism
Pragmantism
Progressivism
Existentialism
Essentialism

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES
OF EDUCATION

Pragmantism

It claims that the childs growth and

development as an individual
depend on his experiences and self
activity.
Emphasizes that educational
concern must be on the childs
interest, desires and the learners
freedom as a an individual rather
than the subject matter.
Adheres to the ideas that thinking
and reasoning should be
emphasized, and that good