CONTROL SYSTEMS

S.BHUVANESWARI
ASST PROFESSOR

EEE DEPARTMENT

DR MGR EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE

OUTLINE
Introduction
History of control systems
Definitions and concepts
Examples of control systems
Control system design
Applications
Future scope of control systems

INTRODUCTION

A main impetus for the use of feedback in the

United States was the development of the
telephone system and electronic feedback
amplifiers by Bode, Nyquist, and Black at Bell
Telephone Laboratories.

HISTORY

18th Century James Watts centrifugal governor for the speed

control of a steam engine.
1920s Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships.
1930s Nyquist developed a method for analyzing the stability of
controlled systems
1940s Frequency response methods made it possible to design linear
closed-loop control systems

1950s Root-locus method due to Evans was fully developed

1960s State space methods, optimal control, adaptive control

1980s Learning controls are investigated and developed.

Present and on-going research fields. Recent application of modern

control theory includes such non-engineering systems such as
biological, biomedical, economic and socio-economic systems

DEFINITION
System An interconnection of elements and
devices for a desired purpose.
Types of systems

Mechanical

systems can opener, corkscrew etc

Electronic systems mobile phone, radio etc
Computer control systems CNC press brake etc
Pneumatic systems - movement of train doors,
mechanical clamps etc
Other systems - mail processing systems, commercial
operation systems etc

A system is a collection of components which are

co-ordinated together to perform a function.
Systems interact with their environment across a
separating boundary.
The interaction is defined in terms of variables.

system

inputs
system outputs
environmental disturbances

SYSTEM
Environment
Disturbance Inputs
System Outputs
Subsystem

System
Engineering systems
Biological systems
Information systems
Control Inputs

DEFINITION
Control System An interconnection of
components forming a system configuration that
will provide a desired response.
Process The device, plant, or system under
control.
The input and output relationship
represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the
process.

DEFINITION TYPES OF
CONTROL SYSTEMS

Open-Loop Control Systems utilize a

controller or control actuator to obtain the
desired response.

Washing machine open loop control systems

DEFINITION TYPES OF
CONTROL SYSTEMS

Closed-Loop
Control
Systems
utilizes
feedback to compare the actual output to the
desired output response.

Air conditioner closed loop control systems

DEFINITION TYPES OF
CONTROL SYSTEMS

Multivariable Control System more than one

input / output

EXAMPLES OF MANUAL CONTROL

SYSTEMS

CAR DRIVER EXAMPLE OF CLCS

Objective function: to control the
direction and speed of the car.
Outputs: actual direction and speed of the
car
Control inputs: road markings and speed
signs
Disturbances: road surface and grade,
wind, obstacles.
Possible subsystems: the car alone, power
steering system, braking system, . . .

EXAMPLES OF MANUAL CONTROL

SYSTEMS

(a) Automobile steering

control system.
(b) The driver uses the
difference between the
actual and the desired
direction of travel to
generate a controlled
adjustment
of
the
steering wheel.
(c) Typical direction-oftravel response.

ANTENNA POSITIONING SYSTEM

Original
system:
the
antenna
with
electric motor drive systems.
Control
objective:
to
point
the
antenna in a desired reference direction.
Control inputs: drive motor voltages.
Outputs: the elevation and azimuth of the
antenna.
Disturbances: wind, rain, snow.

ANTENNA POSITIONING
Antenna System
Ref.
input

volts

+
_

volts

Diff.
amp

Power
amp

torque

power

Motor

Antenna

Error
volts

Feedback Path
Information
Variables

Wind force

Angle
sensor
Physical Variables

Angular
position

EXAMPLES OF MANUAL CONTROL

SYSTEMS
Water-level float regulator

CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN

DESIGN PROCEDURE

The design process consists of seven main

building blocks, which are arrange into three
groups:
Establishment of goals and variables to be controlled,
and definition of specifications
2. System definition and modeling
3. Control system design and integrated system
simulation and analysis
1.

ESTABLISHMENT OF GOALS AND

VARIABLES TO BE CONTROLLED, AND
DEFINITION OF SPECIFICATIONS

SYSTEM DEFINITION AND

MODELING

CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN AND INTEGRATED

SYSTEM SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS

APPLICATIONS
Control engineering is not limited to any
engineering discipline but is equally applicable
to:
aeronautical,
chemical,
mechanical,
computer science and engineering ,
civil engineering,
electrical engineering.

THE FUTURE OF CONTROL

SYSTEMS