GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATIONS

Rate of heat Input + rate of Generation = rate of heat Output + rate of heat Accumulation

Rectangular/cartesian coordinates:

Net transfer of thermal energy into the

control volume (inflow-outflow)

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Chem. Eng. Dept

Thermal energy Change in thermal

generation
energy storage

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATIONS

Cylindrical coordinates:

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Chem. Eng. Dept

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATIONS

Spherical coordinates:

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Chem. Eng. Dept

HEAT TRANSFER DIFFUSION EQUATION

conduction in one direction in a solid

T
k 2T
q
2T q

2
2
x cp x cp
x cp
conduction in 3 dimensions:

T

x

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2T 2T 2T q

2 2 2
x y z cp

Chem. Eng. Dept

HEAT TRANSFER DIFFUSION EQUATION

T T T q

x y z c
2

Cartesian coordinates :

Cylindrical coordinates:

r r

T
t

T 1 2T 2T q 1 T
r 2 2 2
r r
z k t

Spherical coordinates :

1 2 T 1

T
sin

r
2

2
r r r r sin

k a bT

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1
2T q 1 T
r 2 sin 2 2 k t

k
= thermal diffusivity
cp

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CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL

One dimensional, steady state & no heat generation (thermal
conductivity = constant):
Assumption: Uniform cross section area
Boundary Condition

x 0 T = T1
x L T = T2

T T T q

x y z c
2

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Chem. Eng. Dept

T
t

CONDUCTION : PLANE WALL

d2T
0
2
dx

T
0
2
x
2

d dT
dx dx

1st integration

dT
d dx

0dx

2nd integration

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dT c dx
1

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dT
dx

C1

Tx C1 x C 2

CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL

T C (0) C
1
1
2

C 2 T1
T2 C1 ( L) T 1

Boundary Condition

x 0 T = T1
x L T = T2

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C1

Tx
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T2 T1
L

T2 T1
L

x T1

CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL

Fouriers law:

dT
qx Ak
dx

qx dx Ak dT
x2

T2

x1

T1

qx(x1 x2 ) Ak(T1 T2 )
(T1 T2 )
qx Ak
(x2 x1)

qx

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(T1 T2 )
(x2 x1 )

Ak

Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: Work Example case 1

Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0.2 m, thermal conductivity k = 1.2
W/m C, and surface area A = 15 m2. The two sides of the wall are maintained at
constant temperatures of T1 = 120C and T2 = 50C. Determine
(a)the variation of temperature within the wall and the value of temperature at x
= 0.1 m and
(b) the rate of heat conduction through the wall under steady conditions.

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Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: Work Example case 2

The diagram shows a conical section from pyroceram (k = 3.46 W/m K). It is of circular
cross section with the diameter D = ax. The small end is at x1 = 50 mm and the large
end at x2 = 250 mm. The end temperatures are T1 = 400 K and T2 = 600 K, while the
lateral surface is well insulated and a=0.25.
1.Derive an expression for the temperature distributionT (x ) in symbolic form,
assuming one-dimensional conditions.
2. Sketch the temperature distribution.
3. Calculate the heat rate through the cone.

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Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: Work Example case 2

Assumptions:
1. Steady-state conditions.
2. One-dimensional conduction in the x direction.
3. No internal heat generation.
4. Constant properties.

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Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: Work Example case 2

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Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL WITH HEAT

GENERATION
One dimensional-x, steady state with heat generation
Assumption: Uniform cross section area,
A
2
2
2

cp

T T T q

x y z c
2

c p

T q

x c

0
2

p
2

d T
dx

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Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL WITH HEAT

GENERATION
2

Boundary condition
BC1.
BC2.

x o
x L

d T

dT
=0
dx
T = T1

dx

q dx
dT
dx
k
0

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0 C

dx

C1 0

Chem. Eng. Dept

d T
dx

dT

1st integration:

x C1

CONDUCTION: PLANE WALL WITH HEAT

GENERATION
2nd integration

q

dT x C dx

k

1

Tx

Boundary condition
BC1.
BC2.

x o
x L

dT
=0
dx
T = T1
C2

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T1

2k

2k

2k
2

x C1 x C 2

L 0 L C2

C1 0

L T1

Temp. Profile:
Chem. Eng. Dept

Tx

2k
q

CONDUCTION: HOLLOW CYLINDER

Energy balance equation:

r r

T 1 2T 2 T q
1 T
r 2 2 2
r r
z k t

System: One dimensional - r, no heat generation, ste

r r

T 1 2T 2T q 1 T
r 2 2 2
r r
z k t
0

T
r 0

r r
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dr

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dT
r 0
dr

CONDUCTION : HOLLOW CYLINDER

d

dr

dT
r 0
dr

First integration:
d

r
Second integration:

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Chem. Eng. Dept

dT
r
0dr
dr
dT
dr

C1

dT

C1
r

dr

Tr C1 ln r C 2

CONDUCTION: HOLLOW CYLINDER

Tr C1 ln r C 2

Boundary condition:
BC1

r = r1

BC2

T = T1

T1 C1 ln r1 C 2

r = r2

T = T2

T 2 C1 ln r 2 C 2
T2 T1

T T

(ln r ln r ) T
ln r

Solving simultaneously gives:

C1

ln

Temp. Profile:

Tr

r1

r1

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C 2 T1

r2

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T2 T1
ln

r2
r1

ln r1

CONDUCTION: HOLLOW CYLINDER

Rate of heat transfer across the cylinde

dT
qr Ak
dr
dT 1 T1 T2

dr r ln r1
r2

A 2rL

1 T1 T
qr (2rL)k
r ln r1
r2
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rearrange

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T1 T2
qr
r2
ln
r1
2Lk

CONDUCTION : Work Example 3

Consider a steam pipe of length L = 20 m, inner radius r1 = 6 cm, outer radius r2 = 8
cm, and thermal conductivity k = 20 W/m C. The inner and outer surfaces of the
pipe are maintained at average temperatures of T1 =150C and T2 = 60C,
respectively. Obtain a general relation for the temperature distribution inside the pipe
under steady conditions, and determine the rate of heat loss from the steam through
the pipe.

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Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION : HOLLOW SPHERE

Energy balance for spherical system

r
r

1
r

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r r

T
sin

r
sin
1

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1
2

sin

q
k

1 T

CONDUCTION : HOLLOW SPHERE

r
r

1
r

System: one dimensional - r, no heat generated,

steady state condition

r r

T
sin

sin
r
1

r
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2 T
r
0
r
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1
2

sin
0

1 T

d 2 dT
r
0
dr dr

CONDUCTION: HOLLOW SPHERE

d 2 dT
r
0
dr dr
First integration:

Boundary condition:
BC1 r = r1
BC2 r = r2

T = T1
T = T2

dT
dr

Second integration:

Tr

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C1
r

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C2

dT
r 2
0dr
dr

C1
dT

C1
r

dr

CONDUCTION: HOLLOW SPHERE

Boundary condition:
BC1 r = r1
BC2 r = r2

T1
Solving simultaneously gives:
C1

Temp. Profile:

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Tr

C1
r1

C2

T2

r
C1
r2

C2

C2

T T

C2

r1r2

r2 T2 r1 T1

r1r2

T = T1
T = T2

Tr

C1

r1

r r2 r1

Chem. Eng. Dept

T2

r2 T2 r1 T1
r2 r1

r2 r1

CONDUCTION: HOLLOW SPHERE

dT
qr Ak
dr

Fouriers
law

A 4 r

r1r2

qr 4 r k
qr

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4 k

T1 T2
1
r2

r1

1
r1
Chem. Eng. Dept

dT

dr

T T
1

T1 T2
qr
1 1

r1 r2
4 k

r1r2
r2 r1

T T
1

CONDUCTION : Work Example 5

Consider a spherical container of inner radius r1 = 8 cm, outer radius r2 = 10 cm, and
thermal conductivity k = 45 W/m C. The inner and outer surfaces of the container
are maintained at constant temperatures of T1 = 200C and T2 = 80C, respectively,
as a result of some chemical reactions occurring inside. Obtain a general relation for
the temperature distribution inside the shell under steady conditions, and determine
the rate of heat loss from the container.

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Chem. Eng. Dept

CONVECTION: PLANE WALL

One dimensional heat transfer in the x-direction:
Boundary Condition

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Chem. Eng. Dept

CONDUCTION : Work Example 4

Consider a steam pipe of length L = 15 ft, inner
radius r1 = 2 in., outer radius r2 = 2.4 in., and
thermal conductivity k = 7.2 Btu/h ft F. Steam is
flowing through the pipe at an average temperature
of 250F, and the average convection heat transfer
coefficient on the inner surface is given to be h =
1.25 Btu/h ft2 F . If the average temperature on
the outer surfaces of the pipe is T2 = 160F, (a)
express the differential equation and the boundary
conditions for steady one- dimensional heat
conduction through the pipe, (b) obtain a relation for
the variation of temperature in the pipe by solving
the differential equation, and (c) evaluate the rate of
heat loss from the steam through the pipe.

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Chem. Eng. Dept