In biological systems,regulation of

enzyme activities occur at different

stages in one or more of the following
ways to achieve cellular economy.
Allosteric Regulation.
Regulation of enzymes by covalent
modifications.
Induction and supression of enzyme
synthesis.

ALLOSTERIC REGULATION.
Enzymes containing other sites beside the
active site are known as allosteric
enzymes.
Composed of multiple subunits.
Regulate the committed step early in the
pathway.
These are regulated by molecules called
effectors(modifiers).
Negative effectors inhibit the enzyme
activity.
Possitive effectors increase the enzyme
activity.
Can effect the Vmax, Km or both.

Homotropic effectors:When
substrate itself act as an effector.
Function as possitive effectors.

Heterotropic effectors: Effector is

different from the substrate.
Feed back inhibition
Glycolytic enzyme
phosphofrucokinase is allosterically
inhibited by citrate.
A
B
C
D
E

REGULATION OF ENZYME BY COVALENT

MODIFICATION.
Addition or removal of phosphate groups
from specific serine , threonine , or tyrosine
residues of the enzyme.
Phosphorylation by protein kinases and
dephosphorylation by phosphoprotein
phosphatases.
EXAMPLE: Phosphorylation of Glycogen
phosphorylase increases the enzyme
activity
Phosphorylation of Glycogen synthase
decreases the enzyme activity.

INDUCTION AND REPRESSION OF

ENZYME SYNTHESIS.
Cells can also regulate the amount of
enzyme present usually by altering
the rate of enzyme synthesis.
Rate of synthesis and degradation
determine the enzyme quantity.

INDUCTION OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS.

In Bacteria
Lactose
Induction of
Galactosidase
In Animals

Enzymes of urea cycle

HMG Co A reductase in
cholesterol synthesis

REPRESSION OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS

In Bacteria
Glucose
Repression of

galactosidase
In Animals .
HMG CoA reductase:Induction or
stimulation of synthesis=Fed state or
insulin effect.
Repression of synthesis=Fasting or
starvation

Hormone sensitive lipoprotein lipase:

Induction or
stimulation=Adrenaline,cortisol,fastin
g and stress.
Repression=Insulin,fed state

PROENZYMES
Inactive enzymes intially secreated as

large molecules,active sites not exposed.

Pepsinogen HCl
Pepsin
Required for the control of the catalytic
activity of enzymes so that catalytic
activities only occurs when required.
Pancreatic enzymes if all the time
active=auto digesion of the pancrease
Blood clot enzymes only active when
blood clot is formed.