04 Creep

Chapter Four
Creep
Implicit and Explicit Creep
Chapter Overview
Whereas the previous chapter dealt with rate-independent

plasticity, analyzing creep behavior in ANSYS will be
discussed in this chapter.
Although what is referred to as creep and viscoplasticity are the
same from a material standpoint, the usage of the constitutive
models vary. Hence, the topic of rate-dependent plasticity will
be divided into two sections, this one pertaining to creep.
This chapter will address the wide range of implicit and

explicit creep laws available in ANSYS.
We will focus on creep in metals. However, various points of the
discussion are also applicable to creep in other materials such
as plastics or concrete.
ANSYS has both an implicit and explicit creep procedure.
General information on creep will be discussed first, then details
on performing implicit or explicit creep will be covered.
Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0
Training Manual
Septe
Chapter Overview
In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:
A. Phenomenological Aspects of Creep
B. Definition of Terms
C. General Creep Equation
D. Implicit Creep Procedure
E. Explicit Creep Procedure
F. ANSYS Solution Procedure for Creep Models
G. Comparison of Implicit vs. Explicit Creep
Training Manual
Septe
A. Background on Creep
In crystalline materials, such as metals, creep mechanism is

linked to diffusional flow of vacancies and dislocation
movement.
Vacancies are point defects, and they tend to favor grain
boundaries that are normal, rather than parallel, to the applied
stress. Vacancies tend to move from regions of high to low
concentrations. Diffusional flow can occur at low stresses but
usually require high temperatures.
Dislocations in grains are line defects. The movement of
dislocations (climb, glide, deviation) tend to be activated by high
stresses, although it may also occur at intermediate
temperatures.
Grain boundary sliding is sometimes considered as a separate
mechanism which also contributes to creep deformation.
Training Manual
Septe
... Background on Creep
Training Manual
cr f1 f 2 f 3 t f 4 T
The functions f1-4 are dependent on the creep law selected.

Associated creep constants are usually obtained through various tensile
tests at different strain rates and temperatures.
Assuming isotropic behavior, the von Mises equation is used to

compute the effective stress, and the equivalent strain is used in the
creep strain rate equation (similar to rate-independent plasticity).
Although a detailed discussion of material science is beyond the

scope of this seminar, it may suffice to say that the aforementioned
physical mechanics contribute to creep. The dependency of creep
deformation on stress, strain, time, and temperature are generally
modeled with a form similar to the following:
Septe
ANSYS uses the additive strain decomposition when calculating

elastic, plastic, and creep strain:
Stress-strain
D : el
Additive decomposition el pl cr
Plastic strains (flow rule) are calculated in a similar fashion as
described in the previous chapter. Creep strains are evaluated
based on the creep strain rate equations, specific forms of which
will be discussed later.
The elastic, creep, and plastic strains are all evaluated on the
(current) stress state, but they are calculated independently (not
based on each other).
Note that there is a difference between calculations performed using
implicit creep vs. explicit creep.
Training Manual
Septe
Training Manual
Creep, like plasticity, is an irreversible (inelastic) strain which is

based on deviatoric behavior. The material is assumed to be
incompressible under creep flow.
On the other hand, creep, unlike rate-independent plasticity, has no

yield surface at which inelastic strains occur.
Hence, creep does not require a higher stress value for more creep strain
to occur. Creep strains are assumed to develop at all non-zero stress
values.
As noted earlier, creep and viscoplasticity are the same from a

material standpoint.
In engineering usage, creep is generally used to describe a thermallyactivated process with a low strain rate. Rate-independent plastic and
implicit creep strains are treated in a weakly coupled manner.
Conversely, viscoplasticity constitutive models in ANSYS are used to
describe high-strain-rate applications (e.g., impact loading). Inelastic
strains are treated in a strongly coupled manner.
Septe
... Example Creep Analysis
Training Manual
Element 185 (B-Bar),

with hyperbolic sine
implicit creep model
ANSYS model courtesy of Bret Zahn, ChipPAC (http://www.chippac.com/)
An example of a solder ball creep analysis (thermal cycling).
Septe
B. Definition of Terms
Three stages of creep:
Under constant load, the uniaxial strain vs. time behavior of

creep is shown below.
In the primary stage, the strain rate decreases with time. This
tends to occur over a short period. The secondary stage has a
constant strain rate associated with it. In the tertiary stage, the
strain rate increases rapidly until failure (rupture).
Rupture
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Training Manual
Septe
... Definition of Terms

Three stages of creep (contd):
The creep strain rate may be a function of stress, strain,
temperature, and/or time.
For engineering analysis, the primary and secondary stages of

creep are usually of greatest interest. Tertiary creep is usually
associated with the onset of failure (necking, damage) and is
short-lived. Hence, tertiary creep is not modeled in ANSYS.
The strain rate associated with primary creep is usually much
greater than those associated with secondary creep. However,
the strain rate is decreasing in the primary stage whereas it is
usually nearly constant in the secondary stage (for the
aforementioned uniaxial test case at constant stress and
temperature). Also, primary creep tends to be of a shorter
period than secondary creep.
Training Manual
Septe

Creep
Under constant applied stress,

creep strain increases.
Stress Relaxation
Under constant applied strain,

stress decreases.
Training Manual
Septe

Time-hardening
Assumes that the creep strain rate

depends only upon the time from
the beginning of the creep process.
In other words, the curve shifts
up/down. As stress changes from
1 to 2, the different creep rates
are calculated at points A to B.
Strain-hardening
Assumes that the creep rate depends
only on the existing strain of the
material. In other words, the curve
shifts left/right. As stress changes
from 1 to 2, the different creep strain
rates are calculated at points A to B.
cr t n
cr n
t
Training Manual
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Explicit creep
Explicit creep means that the forward Euler method is used for
the calculation of creep strain evolution. The creep strain rate
used at each time step corresponds to the rate at the beginning
of the time step and is assumed to be constant throughout that
time step t. Because of this, very small time steps are required
to minimize error.
cr f t , t , T t t ,
For explicit creep with plasticity, plasticity correction is
performed first followed by creep correction. These two
corrections occur at different stress values; therefore, it may be
less accurate.
Training Manual
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Training Manual
Implicit creep refers to the use of backward Euler integration for

creep strains. This method is numerically unconditionally stable.
This means that it does not require as small a time-step as the explicit
creep method, so it is much faster overall.
cr f t t , t t , T t t ,
For implicit creep plus rate-independent plasticity, the plasticity
correction and creep correction done at the same time, not
independently. Consequently, implicit creep is generally more
accurate than explicit creep, but it is still dependent on the time-step
size. A small enough time-step must be used to capture the pathdependent behavior accurately.
Implicit creep is the recommended method in ANSYS for the

reasons stated above (efficiency, accuracy). Details on both
creep procedures will be discussed later.
Implicit creep
Septe
C. General Creep Equation
As noted earlier, the creep equations are usually of a rate

form similar to the one below:
cr f1 f 2 f 3 t f 4 T
However, the type of material being analyzed determines the

choice of a specific creep equation. Some general
characteristics will be discussed presently. Specific models
will be covered in the implicit and explicit creep sections.
The implicit and explicit creep equations are also covered in the
Elements Manual, Ch. 2.5.
Training Manual
Septe
... General Creep Equation
Training Manual
Creep effects are thermally activated, and its temperature

dependence is usually expressed through the Arrhenius law:
cr e
Q
RT
where Q is the activation energy, R is the universal gas constant,

and T is absolute temperature.
Stress dependency
Creep strain is also usually stress-dependent, especially with
dislocation creep. Nortons law is:
cr n
A common modification to the above power law is as follows:
cr e C
Temperature-dependency
Septe
Training Manual
Time-hardening is the inclusion of a time-dependent term:
cr t m
Strain-hardening is the inclusion of a strain-dependent term:
cr n
Determination of which to use (strain- or time-hardening) is
based upon material data available.
Secondary creep does not exhibit time- or strain-hardening.
Creep strain rate is usually constant for secondary stage.
Primary creep usually exhibits either time- or strain-hardening.
Septe

Below is a summary of creep laws available in ANSYS:
Creep Equation Description
Strain Hardening
Time Hardening
Generalized Exponential
Generalized Graham
Generalized Blackburn
Modified Time Hardening
Modified Strain Hardening
Generalized Garofalo (Hyperbolic sine)
Exponential Form
Norton
Time Hardening
Rational Polynomial
Generalized Time Hardening
User Creep
Annealed 304 Stainless Steel
Annealed 2.25 Cr - 1 Mo Low Alloy Steel
Power Function Creep Law
Sterling Power Function Creep Law
20% Cold Worked 316 SS (Irradiation-Induced)
Type
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Both
Both
Primary
Both
Both
Both
Primary
Both
Both
Both
Explicit
Implicit
C6/C12 value TBOPT value
C6=0
1
C6=1
2
C6=2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C12=0
9
C12=1
10
11
C6=15
12
13
C6=100
100
C6=9
C6=10
C6=11
C6=12
C6=13
C6=14
C66=5
-
As noted earlier, implicit creep is the recommended method to use, whenever

possible.
Training Manual
Septe
Section D
Implicit Creep
D. Implicit Creep Procedure
Training Manual
In this subsection, the procedure for performing implicit

creep analyses will be covered.
As noted earlier, implicit creep is the preferred method to use

since it is generally more robust, accurate, and efficient
(faster) than the explicit method.
This is due to the implicit integration (backward Euler method)
used for this formulation.
There may be situations where the creep law or the element
types implemented necessitate use of explicit creep instead.
Septe
... Element Types Supported

Element types supported for implicit creep material:
Core elements: PLANE42, SOLID45, PLANE82, SOLID92, and

SOLID95
18x family of elements: LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182,
PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, BEAM188, and
BEAM189.
The 18x family of elements are the recommended choice for

implicit creep analyses.
Because of the wide range of element technology available in
the 18x series (refer to Chapter 2 of this seminar), these
elements offer greater flexibility and power. These formulations
include B-Bar, URI, Enhanced Strain, and Mixed U-P.
The 18x series also support more constitutive models than the
core elements, including hyperelasticity.
Training Manual
Septe
... Plasticity Models Supported
Recall that creep is decoupled with rate-independent

plasticity. Implicit creep allows combinations with the
following rate-independent plasticity models (see Chapter 3):
BISO, MISO, and NLISO with CREEP
(creep with isotropic hardening)
BKIN with CREEP
(creep with kinematic hardening)
HILL and CREEP
(anisotropic creep)
BISO, MISO, and NLISO with HILL and CREEP
(anisotropic creep with isotropic hardening)
BKIN with HILL and CREEP
(anisotropic creep with kinematic hardening)
Training Manual
Septe
... Defining Implicit Creep Model
Training Manual
To define an implicit creep model, you can use commands or

through the GUI (discussed on next slide).
For implicit creep, temperature-dependency can be defined in

two ways:
Temperature-dependent constants may be defined through
TBDATA (or Materials GUI)
Many creep equations include the aforementioned Arrhenius
equation
Q
cr e
RT
The choice of either or both methods to include temperaturedependency is determined by the user.
Septe
When defining implicit creep through commands, use

TB,CREEP with the specific creep model defined as TBOPT.
TB, CREEP, mat, ntemp, npts, TBOPT
TBTEMP defines temperature-dependent constants
TBDATA defines the actual constants.
For the example below, TBOPT = 2 specifies that the time-hardening creep
equation will be used. Temperature dependent constants are specified using
the TBTEMP command, and the four constants associated with this equation
are specified as arguments with the TBDATA command
TB,CREEP,1,1,4,2
TBTEMP,100
TBDATA,1,C1,C2,C3,C4
Training Manual
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Structural
> Nonlinear
> Inelastic
> Rate Dependent
> Creep
Make sure to define
the necessary linear
elastic material
properties first (EX
and PRXY).
All implicit creep

models can be
selected in the
Materials GUI under:
Training Manual
Septe

After selecting the appropriate implicit creep model, a
separate dialog box will appear with the required input.
In the example below, a primary creep equation has been

defined, and the user is prompted to input four creep constants.
Temperature-dependent constants may also be input.
Training Manual
Septe
... Available Implicit Creep Models
The table below shows the available implicit creep laws.

The equations will be covered in the next slides.

Strain Hardening
Time Hardening
Generalized Graham
Generalized Garofalo (Hyperbolic sine)
Exponential Form
Norton
Time Hardening
Rational Polynomial
Generalized Time Hardening
User Creep
Type
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Both
Both
Primary
Implicit
TBOPT value
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
100
Training Manual
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Strain Hardening
TBOPT=1
Primary creep
cr C1 C2 C3 e C4 /T
2)
Time Hardening
TBOPT=2
Primary creep
cr C1 C2 t C3 e C4 /T
3)
TBOPT=3
Primary creep
4)
Generalized Graham
TBOPT=4
Primary creep
cr C1 C2 re rt
r C5 C3 e C4 /T
cr C1 C2 t C3 C4t C5 C6t C7 e C8 /T
1)
Training Manual
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cr f 1 e rt gt
5)
TBOPT=5
Primary creep
6)

TBOPT=6
Primary creep
7)

TBOPT=7
Primary creep
f C1e C2
r C3
C4
g C6 e C7
C5
C1 C2 t C3 1e C4 /T
cr
C3 1
C
cr C1 C2 C3 1 3
1
C3 1
Training Manual
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Training Manual
Generalized Garofalo
TBOPT=8
Secondary creep
C
cr C1 sinh C2 3 e C4 /T
9)
Exponential Form
TBOPT=9
Secondary creep
cr C1e /C2 e C3 /T
10) Norton
TBOPT=10
Secondary creep
cr C1 C2 e C3 /T
8)
Septe

Hardening
TBOPT=11
Primary + Secondary
12) Rational
Polynomial
TBOPT=12
Primary + Secondary
C1 C2 t C3 1e C4 /T
cr
C5 C6 te C7 /T
C3 1
c
t
cpt
c
mt
1 pt
cr C1
c C7 mC8 C9
13) Generalized
Time Hardening
TBOPT=13
Primary Creep
cr ft e
C6
m C210C3 C4
p C10 mC11 C12
f C1 C2 2 C3 3
r C4 C5
11) Time
Training Manual
Septe
... Workshop Exercise
Workshop 6: Stress Relaxation
Please refer to your Workshop Supplement:
Training Manual
Septe
Section E
Explicit Creep
E. Explicit Creep Procedure
Training Manual
In this subsection, the procedure for performing explicit

creep analyses will be covered.
Recall that implicit creep is the preferred method over explicit

creep, due to efficiency and accuracy concerns.
Explicit creep uses forward Euler method which requires a very
small timestep and, hence, many iterations.
Unlike implicit creep, the plasticity calculations are not done
simultaneously. The plastic analysis is done first, then the creep
calculation (superposition). Plastic strains, etc. are not
readjusted for that time step.
Whenever possible, implicit creep should be used. However,
there may be situations where the creep law or the element
types implemented necessitate use of explicit creep instead.
Septe
... Explicit Creep Procedure

Element types supported for explicit creep material:
Core elements: PLANE42, SOLID45, PLANE82, SOLID92, and

SOLID95
Other elements: LINK1, PLANE2, LINK8, PIPE20, BEAM23,
BEAM24, SHELL43, SHELL51, PIPE60, SOLID62, and SOLID65
Note that 18x series of elements do not support explicit creep.
Plasticity constitutive models supported with explicit creep:

Any plasticity model supported by the element type in use can
be combined with explicit creep
(e.g., BISO, MISO, BKIN, KINH/MKIN, DP).
Recall that this is non-simultaneous modeling of plasticity and
creep (plasticity calculations done first, then creep calculations).
Training Manual
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Training Manual
To define an explicit creep model, you can use commands or

through the GUI (discussed on subsequent slides).
Explicit creep cannot have temperature-dependent constants.

Temperature-dependency is accounted for by creep equations.
The explicit creep constants are defined and input as C1, C2,
etc., where C1 is 1st constant, C6 is sixth constant, etc.
Not all constants need to be defined. The number of constants
which are used depends on the creep equation selected.
Septe

When defining explicit creep through commands, use
TB,CREEP with TBOPT=0 (or leave blank).
TB, CREEP, mat, ntemp, npts
TBDATA defines the actual constants.
Primary creep is usually specified with C6 constant (choice of

C6=0 to 15). If C1 0 or if T + Toffset 0, no primary creep is
computed.
Secondary creep is chosen with C12 constant (C12=0 or 1).
Primary creep equations C6=9-11, 13-15 already include
secondary creep effects, so secondary creep C12 is bypassed. If
C7 0 or if T + Toffset 0, no secondary creep is computed.
Irradiation-induced creep can be specified with the C66
constant. This equation can be used with C6=0 to 11. If C55 0
and C61 0 or if T + Toffset 0, no secondary creep is computed.
Training Manual
Septe
... Defining Explicit Creep Model
Structural
> Nonlinear
> Inelastic
> Rate Dependent
> Creep
Make sure to define
the necessary linear
elastic material
properties first (EX
and PRXY).
All explicit creep

models can be
selected in the
Materials GUI under:
Training Manual
Septe
... Defining Explicit Creep Model

After selecting the appropriate explicit creep model, a
separate dialog box will appear with the required input.
In the example below, a creep equation has been defined, and

the user is prompted to input the various creep constants.
Training Manual
Septe
... Available Explicit Creep Models
Training Manual

Strain Hardening
Time Hardening
Annealed 2.25 Cr - 1 Mo Low Alloy Steel
Sterling Power Function Creep Law
Rational Polynomial
Exponential Form
Norton
20% Cold Worked 316 SS (Irradiation-Induced)
User Creep
Type
Primary
Primary
Primary
Both
Both
Both
Primary
Both
Both
Both
Secondary
Secondary
Both
Explicit
C6/C12 value
C6=0
C6=1
C6=2
C6=9
C6=10
C6=11
C6=12
C6=13
C6=14
C6=15
C12=0
C12=1
C66=5
C6=100
Note that many of the creep laws for specific materials have built-in
units (For example, C6=11). Please review Ch. 2.5 of the Elements
Manual to ensure that the right system of units have been used.
The table below shows the available implicit creep laws.

The equations will be covered in the next slides.
Septe

Strain Hardening
C6=0
Primary creep
cr C1 C2 C3 e C4 /T
2)
Time Hardening
C6=1
Primary creep
cr C1 C2 t C3 e C4 /T
3)
C6=2
Primary creep
4)
Creep laws for steel

C6=9, 10, 11, 14, or 15
Primary & secondary creep
Refer to Elements Manual Ch. 2.5 on
options for defining c.
cr C1 C2 re rt
r C5 C3 e C4 /T
c
cr C1
1)
Training Manual
Septe

C6=12
Primary creep
N
cr MK C1 t M 1
6)
Sterling Power Function

C6=13
Primary & secondary creep
cr
7)
Exponential Form
C12=0
Secondary creep
cr C7 e /C8 e C10 /T
8)
Norton
C12=1
Secondary creep
cr C7 C8 e C10 /T
acc
B acc A10 3 A 2 B C
5)
Training Manual
Septe
Section F
Creep Solution Procedure
F. Solving Creep Problems
Earlier, some of the differences regarding implicit and explicit

creep in ANSYS were discussed.
Available creep laws are dependent on creep method
Input of creep constants vary
Supported element types differ
Implicit creep is the preferred method
In this section, areas concerning the solution of models with

creep materials will be reviewed:
Solution options
Postprocessing
Differences between implicit and explicit creep solution

procedure will be noted when applicable.
Training Manual
Septe
... Solution Options for Creep
Training Manual
Creep can be large or small strain, depending on the problem.

If unsure, it is a good idea to turn on large deformation effects
Unlike other static nonlinear analyses with rate-independent
materials, time has significance in creep analyses.
Make sure that the ending time is appropriate for the model
and time domain of interest
Note that the analysis does not have to be a transient
analysis. Inertial effects (TIMINT) may be on or off, depending
on the problem.
Generally speaking, however, creep analyses do not consider
inertial effects (ANTYPE,STATIC or TIMINT,OFF) because the
time domain is long.
The solution of models containing creep materials is similar

to other nonlinear problems, but there are some special
considerations when solving problems with creep.
Septe

Specify solution type for creep analyses
Main Menu > Solution > -Analysis Type- Soln Control
Solution Controls > -Basic Tab- Analysis Options
Specify large displacement solution (NLGEOM,ON), as needed.

The default Solution Control (SOLCONTROL) settings are
recommended. By default, Solution Control is on.
Training Manual
Septe

Use an appropriate time at end of loadstep (TIME).
Solution Controls > -Basic Tab- Time Control
Unlike other static analyses, TIME has meaning in a creep

analysis since creep is rate-dependent. The analysis can be
static or transient (exclude or include inertial effects), but TIME
should be in real units.
Specify an adequate initial time step (DELTIM) to capture
nonlinear effects. Ensure that
min and max time steps are
also reasonable.
In the example on the right, in
the Solution Controls dialog
box, an ending time of 1300
has been specified. Initial
timestep is 1.0 with minimum
of 0.5 and maximum of 10.
(Demonstration purposes only)
Training Manual
Septe
... Toggling Implicit Creep Effects
For implicit creep only, the RATE (Include strain rate effect)
command can be used to turn creep effects on or off during
an analysis.
Solution Controls > -Nonlinear Tab- Creep Option
This is useful to establish initial conditions. In this situation, a
very small ending TIME value (e.g., 1e-8) should be set, and rate
effects turned off (RATE,OFF). Solve as usual. Then, to turn
creep effects on, use RATE,ON and specify the real end time.
The RATE command is only applicable for the following cases:
Implicit creep with 18x elements (von Mises potential)
Anisotropic implicit creep with 18x or core elements (Hill
potential)
Training Manual
Septe
... Creep Strain Ratio
Because creep is a path-dependent phenomenon, it is

important to ensure that the response is adequately
captured. One measure of this which ANSYS uses is the
creep ratio Cs, defined as:
cr
Cs et
where cr is the equivalent creep strain increment and et is

the modified equivalent elastic strain (see Ch. 4.2/4.3 of the
Theory Manual for details).
Training Manual
Septe
Use Cutback Control (CUTCONTROL) to specify a maximum

equivalent creep strain ratio, if desired.
Solution Controls > -Nonlinear Tab- Cutback Control
CUTCONTROL,CRPLIMIT,crvalue,1 will impose a maximum creep
ratio of crvalue for implicit creep. By default, no implicit creep
limit control is specified.
CUTCONTROL,CRPLIMIT,crvalue,0 will impose a maximum creep
ratio of crvalue for explicit creep. By default, the explicit creep
limit is 10%.
If, during a timestep, ANSYS
calculates a creep strain ratio
larger than crvalue, then the
solution is automatically bisected
until the creep limit is satisfied
or the minimum time step is
reached.
Training Manual
Septe
Training Manual
On the other hand, implicit creep is unconditionally stable, so

there is no stability limit. Consequently, by default, no limit is
imposed. However, this does not mean that implicit creep is
unconditionally accurate. A creep ratio limit of 1 to 10 (1001000%) is generally recommended, and be sure to specify a
small enough initial, min, and max time step as well.
The creep ratio is printed in the output file/window as shown
below:
*** LOAD STEP
1
SUBSTEP
94 COMPLETED.
*** TIME =
940.000
TIME INC =
10.0000
*** CREEP RATIO = 0.7971E-03
CUM ITER =
94
As noted earlier, explicit creep has a stability limit. This

corresponds to a creep limit of 0.25 (25%), so a limit cannot
be specified more than this value. The default value of 0.10
(10%) is a good value to use.
Septe
... Specifying Temperature Offset

Specify an absolute temperature offset with TOFFST.
Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Temperature Units
Oftentimes, thermal loads may be in C or F. TOFFST can be
used to have ANSYS internally convert to absolute units.
Creep equations rely on absolute temperature specification,
such as in the Arrhenius function
Training Manual
Septe
... Reviewing Creep Results
In addition to reviewing elastic, thermal, and plastic strains,

one can review creep strains.
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solu
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Element Solu
In the dialog box shown on
the right, the creep strain
category is selected on the
left.
Components, principal, and
effective creep strains can
be selected on the righthand choices.
Note that, at v6.0, Eff Nu is
not required. Actual
equivalent strains are
calculated and stored.
Training Manual
Septe
... Reviewing Creep Results
Creep strain energy density can also be retrieved and plotted

or listed.
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solu
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Element Solu
Training Manual
Septe
G. Comparison of Implicit vs. Explicit
MN
ANSYS 5.5
JAN 0
0
00:00:00
PLOT NO.
2
NODAL SOLUTION
STEP=2
SUB =5358
TIME=100000
EPCREQV (AVG)
EffNu=0
DMX =2.053
SMN =.117E-03
SMX =1.147
.117E-03
.12752
.254922
.382325
.509728
.637131
.764534
.891936
1.019
1.147
MN
MX
X
Z
MX
X
Z
ANSYS 5.6
JAN 0
0
00:00:00
PLOT NO.
2
NODAL SOLUTION
STEP=2
SUB =51
TIME=100000
EPCREQV (AVG)
EffNu=0
DMX =1.978
SMN =.112E-03
SMX =1.097
.112E-03
.122038
.243965
.365891
.487818
.609744
.73167
.853597
.975523
1.097
Training Manual
Septe
... Comparison of Implicit vs. Explicit
CPU
118.26 sec.
E. time 169.00 sec.
S. steps 51,
tot. iter. 82
Uy = 1.970 mm
ANSYS 5.5
(Explicit algorithm)
SOLID45, UI
147 elements, 352 nodes
Creep model, 1
End time, 1E5
CPU
5650.19 sec.
E. time 6671.00 sec.
S. steps 5358,
tot. iter. 5362
Uy = 2.046 mm
At end of calculation average tensile/creep strain is about 10%
ANSYS 5.6
(Implicit algorithm)
SOLID185, UI
147 elements, 352 nodes
Creep model, 1
End time, 1E5
Training Manual
Septe
... Comparison of Implicit vs. Explicit
The table below summarizes the differences between implicit

and explicit creep:
Integration Scheme
Plasticity Calculations
Plasticity Models
Supported
TemperatureDependency
Elements Supported
Turn on/off creep effects
Creep limit control
Implicit Creep
Recommended
Backward Euler
(More Efficent, Less Substeps)
Simultaenous
(More Accurate)
BISO, MISO, NLISO, BKIN, HILL
Explicit Creep
Through Arrhenius function.

Temperature-dependent
constants
Through creep equations

(Arrhenius function). No
temperature-dependent
constants.
Core and Misc elements
None available1
CUTCON,CRPLIMIT,crvalue,0
By default, 10%. Stability limit
requires < 25%.
Core and 18x elements

Through RATE command
CUTCON,CRPLIMIT,crvalue,1
By default, no value
Forward Euler
(Less Efficient, More Substeps)
Superposition
(Less accurate)
Any (no restrictions)
For explicit creep, the creep calculations are bypassed if T+TOFFSET

< 0.0, time step < 1e-6, or C1 < 0.0 (for primary creep)
1
Training Manual
Septe
... Workshop Exercise
Workshop 7: Power Law Creep
Please refer to your Workshop Supplement:
Training Manual
Septe

04 Creep

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Chapter Four

Implicit and Explicit Creep

Whereas the previous chapter dealt with rate-independent

This chapter will address the wide range of implicit and

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Implicit and Explicit Creep

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Implicit and Explicit Creep

In crystalline materials, such as metals, creep mechanism is

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Implicit and Explicit Creep

... Background on Creep

The functions f1-4 are dependent on the creep law selected.

Assuming isotropic behavior, the von Mises equation is used to

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Although a detailed discussion of material science is beyond the

Implicit and Explicit Creep

... Background on Creep

ANSYS uses the additive strain decomposition when calculating

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Implicit and Explicit Creep

... Background on Creep

Creep, like plasticity, is an irreversible (inelastic) strain which is

On the other hand, creep, unlike rate-independent plasticity, has no

As noted earlier, creep and viscoplasticity are the same from a

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Implicit and Explicit Creep

... Example Creep Analysis

Element 185 (B-Bar),

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

An example of a solder ball creep analysis (thermal cycling).

Implicit and Explicit Creep

Under constant load, the uniaxial strain vs. time behavior of

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Implicit and Explicit Creep

... Definition of Terms

For engineering analysis, the primary and secondary stages of

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Implicit and Explicit Creep

... Definition of Terms

Under constant applied stress,

Under constant applied strain,

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Implicit and Explicit Creep

... Definition of Terms

Assumes that the creep strain rate

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Implicit and Explicit Creep

... Definition of Terms

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Implicit and Explicit Creep

... Definition of Terms

Implicit creep refers to the use of backward Euler integration for

Implicit creep is the recommended method in ANSYS for the

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Implicit and Explicit Creep

C. General Creep Equation

As noted earlier, the creep equations are usually of a rate

However, the type of material being analyzed determines the

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Implicit and Explicit Creep

... General Creep Equation