<Chapter 7 & 8>

cdmaOne (WCDMA)

mg_cho@semy
ung.ac.kr

Infor mat ion & Communicat ion

Engineer ing Semyung
University

Mobile: Digital Cellular System

CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)
Code Walsh, PN (Pseudo Noise) code for each user, as shown
respectively in an orthogonal spreading codes with different,
multiple users can communicate at the same time, without the
division of time and frequency

This frequency efficiency is increased.

Smooth, without changing the frequency when the mobile
station moves between cells Providing a cloud handoff
(soft handover)
Use different codes, so excellent in the wireless section
communication confidentiality

[Review] Spread Spectrum

Walsh or the spreading and de-spreading using the
PN Code.

Spread Spectrum

Despreading

[Review] Spread Spectrum

Walsh or the spreading and de-spreading using the
PN Code.
1
-1
1

-1 1

- 1 1 -1 - 1 1 - 1

-1 1

-1 1 - 1 -1 1 -1

-1 1

- 1 1 - 1 -1 1 - 1

- 1 1 - 1- 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1

-1 1

- 1 1 - 1 -1 1 - 1

-1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1

1
-1

[Review] orthogonal codes - Walsh code

Walsh

code (Walsh-Hadamard code)

Select any code within the code group even maintained a perfect
orthogonality
H1

1
1

1
1 1 1

H 1 H1
H
1 1 1 1
1
2
H 1
1 1 1

1
H

1 1 1
1
H k H k 1
Hk
1

-1

-1

-1

-1

H 2,1

-1

-1

H 2,0 x H 2,1

-1

-1

H 2,0

H k 1

H k 1

H 2,0 x H 2,1

0( o r t h o g o n a l )

Mobile: Digital Cellular System

CDMA : Orthogonality of the Walsh code
The base station processes the signal that is sent to the mobile
station to distinguish

Walsh code to 64 one bit at: w0, w1, .., w63

For different code
When multiplied by (choose) -1 or 1, so search out the
sum of the values 0.
For the same code
When you multiply this out data recovery is possible
because one

Mobile: Digital Cellular System

CDMA : code used for the orthogonal
spread[Test]

Walsh codes (orthogonal codes)

Orthogonal spreading codes used to distinguish each base
station transmits a channel to the mobile station on the forward
(forward) channel.

Long code(Long PN code: 2 4 2 -1)

Reverse (reverse) using the mobile channel.
The base station is used to distinguish each subscriber.

Short codes(Short PN code : 2 1 5 -1)

Forward, a mobile terminal is used to distinguish the

respective base stations.

( For w ar d)

The code used by

the base station.

(Reve rse )
Mobile

BS

Mobile: Digital Cellular System

[Test]

Channel structure of the CDMA [test]

Forward channel (the channel separated by a Walsh code): Ray

flicks problem

Pilot Channel (When you turn on the power to the first one)
The mobile station is used to match the base station and the
synchronous communication network when accessing. It can
determine whether the mobile station belongs to a certain base station (cell).
Synchronization channel (also come to appreciate the base
station information)
Using the base station information (synchronization information,
system time, the data rate of the paging channel) received through
a sync channel Sikkim match the timing of its own code and the
timing network system Position location of the mobile station.
Calling (paging) channels (channel allocation so that the call
between the parties want)
The base station is used to make a command, such as roaming to the
mobile station, the channel assignment.
Call channels (transmission and reception of data coming sense)
Channel to a base station is transmitted voice or data to the mobile
8

station

Mobile: Digital Cellular System

Channel structure of the CDMA (continued)

Reverse channel
Access channel (Channel used when mobile terminal
attempts communication with the base station)
The mobile station attempts a call to the base station, or the
channel for transmitting a response to the command received
through the paging channel.

Call channel (Song, a sense incoming data is coming )

Channel to a base station is transmitted voice or data to the
9
mobile station

[ ] Pilot
Channel

It does not include a baseband information for quick

sound synchronization Code: Use the Walsh 0.
Providing the mobile station with the time phase information, using the
Handover.

Pilot Ch. rescue

10

IMT2000: Overview [Test]

Appearance background [Test]
Second generation appeared overcome the speed limitations of cellular
systems for global roaming

[1] transmission [2] Starting with the motto of multimedia information for
global roaming

Also aimed that unify the frequency use around the world.
It commits any frequency allocated to the United States of international
roaming Jim harder.

CDMA2000 (Synchronous USA) + WCDMA (asynchronous Europe)

11

IMT2000: Overview
Features of the IMT-2000

Generation
(2G )
2 nd

Generation
(3G )

3rd

12

IMT2000: Overview [Test]

[ ] Synchronous / asynchronous

Determining whether the base station to the mobile station with GPS
synchronization matching

Asynchronously
Standardized by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and
one in Europe, Japan
Without going through a satellite relay station and the base
station only send and receive data, also called W-CDMA.

Synchronous
In 3GPP2 standardization with a focus on North America (3G
Partnership Project 2)
Fit the base station and the terminal period synchronized via
GPS (satellite).

Based
on the
ANSI-41
and :say,
alsosatellites,
known
* GPS( Global
Positioning
System)
US military
24 as
operating
CDMA2000.

13

IMT2000: Overview
Backward Capability
The third-generation IMT-2000 should be at a traditional second generation, three 2.5compatible.

The subscriber with the second-generation device should be able

to receive service in IMT-2000 networks.
In Korea
2G: IS-95 synchronous manner
3G initial service: CDMA 1x EVDO (EVolution Data Only)
synchronous manner
Following the third generation of the ultimate direction is so
difficult to asynchronous (WCDMA) supports backward capability.

14

IMT-2000 : CDMA2000

[Reference]

Terminal technology
Transmitting the signal to be referred to as the phase reference pilot
along with data

Synchronization (coherent) can demodulated by the base station

receiver
Since the transmission of the same data transmission rate with less
transmission power increase reverse capacity by reducing reverse
interference amount in the cell.

Meet the trip link quality flavor desired because the forward and reverse
all fast closed-loop power control in a more dynamic.

BS Technology
-Two or more transmit antennas on the base station installation can be
obtained by the forward when the forward transmit diversity (diversity).
-By being able to lower the transmission power of the base

station diversity techniques to reduce the interference of the

own cell and neighboring cells by increasing the overall system
capacity of the forward
15

IMT-2000 : W-CDMA

[Reference]

The channel structure

(Uplink)
Entering data and control channels on the same slot.

(Downlink)
The data channel and the control channel using a separate slot

16

IMT-2000 : W-CDMA

[Reference]

Wireless Protocol
Find a transport format for the transmission rate in the MAC layer must
allocate the resources
Possible to adjust the transmission mode and rate separately, so the
efficient transfer compared to the second generation of possible! AMC
(Adaptive Modulation and Coding) [Reference]

17

Technical elements: transmit diversity [Test]

In the IMT-2000 in the forward link traffic it
is much larger than the reverse link,
seeking technology for increasing the
capacity of the cycle in a forward
In the forward link, because it is difficult to
physically install a plurality of antennas to a mobile
terminal and a transmission antenna into two, and
the implementation of a diversity effect in a way that
combines the signal passing through the different
propagation paths from two or more antennas.

Kinds
Open loop transmit diversity
TSTD
STTD

Closed loop transmit diversity

18

Technical elements: transmit diversity

TSTD (time switched transmit diversity) :
The even-numbered bits and odd-numbered
bit not transmitted in time difference T at
each other antenna. The mobile station
combines the signals using a difference in
time.

<Figure 8-6 TSTD transmission mode>

19

Technical elements: transmit diversity [Test]

STTD (space time transmit diversity) : By transmitting
to mix a transmission signal to a space and when way
to obtain a spatial diversity gain.
t=1

h1

t= 0
t=1

t= 0

h2

r1
r1 h
d r h d
1 1 2 0 0
*

The received
signal

ro h1d0 h2d1
Pull method detects the
original signal

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Technical elements: transmit diversity

Closed loop transmit diversity: the mobile terminal
determining a weighted value is multiplied to each
antenna by the transmission base station to the FBI
(feedback information).

Feedback Information: U / L feedback channel

< Figure 8-8 the closed loop transmit diversity transmission scheme >

21

HARQ [Test] and AMC: Technical elements

Modulation

Channel
Coding

cdmaOne (2G)

IMT-2000 (3G)

Forward : QPSK
Reverse : OQPSK

Ever used appropriately for the QPSK,

8PSK, 16QAM channels on
the environment

Use only the convolutional

(Convolutional Code)

Using turbo codes with convolutional

AMC (adaptive modulation and coding) :

Depending on the radio wave propagation
manner of applying different modulation scheme
channel coding rate.
|H(t)|

QPSK

16QAM

BPSK

22

8- PSK

BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM

BPSK,
QPSK

v s . arrangement of 16QAM symbol

0
-1

1
3

BPSK

0010

0110

1110

1010

1111

1011

0011

01

11

0111

1
1
0001

0101

1101

1001

-1

0000

0100

1100

1000

-1

11

10

QPSK

16QAM
23

[Note] ARQ transmission error: error correction

transmission

ARQ(Automatic Repeat reQuest)

The presence or absence of error in the
receiving side the transmitted data After a test
to inform the transmitting side error The
transmitter system to re-transmit the data that
caused the error

Stop-and-Wait ARQ (Sequential

communication)

The transmission side

One at a time transmits the data frame

Receiving side
Determining the presence or absence of a received

frame error

If the error did not occur ACK

(ACKnowledgement) signal
If an error has occurred, sending a NAK
(Negative Acknowledgement) signal to
the transmitting side.

Advantages
The simplest form of implementation of a simple
ARQ

24 Disadvantages

Technical elements: AMC and HARQ

HARQ (hybrid ARQ): Unlike past channel coding and ARQ scheme
was carried out separately, how to properly combine with frames that
are retransmitted without dropping frames kkoehaneun failed to
improve performance.

How to combine : Chase combining or full IR

Chase combining :
When an error occurs in the received packet retransmission, Without abandoning the
old store it was an error packet is a packet for transmission and demodulation method
of adding a symbol to a symbol.

<Figure 8-9 HARQ Chase combining method by>

25

Technical elements: AMC and HARQ

Full IR (incremental redundancy) : When it had errors and retransmitting
packets received,
Data that is sent back to retransmit only the information that was sent before.
Sending the information that was sent before the decoding performed in
combination with previous packets.

<Figure 8-10 HARQ scheme due to full IR>

26