Heat

Engines
By
Aneetta .S.
Vayattattil

Engines
A heat engine is a device for extracting work from

a hot fluid. For example

A car engine extracts power from the combustion of fuel

with air
A steam turbine extracts power from steam

Both of these function by allowing a hot fluid to

expand so as to cause motion in a critical

component of the engine.
In the process, high grade energy is said to be

degraded to lower grade energy.

Hot Body
(source of heat)
Q1

E
Q2
Cold Body
(absorbs heat)

Example of a
Heat Engine

Efficiency of a Heat
Engine
Efficiency, h = Work out/Heat
in:
W

Q1

Apply First Law to the working substance:

DU = Q1 Q2 W
But in a cycle, DU = 0
Thus, W = Q1 Q2.
Substituting:

W Q1 Q2
Q2

1
Q1
Q1
Q1

h is maximum when Q2 is minimum.

An ideal heat engine

The diagram on the right

represents an ideal heat

engine

Heat is added at constant

temperature to the fluid at

the high temperature source

The fluid flows through an

expansion device where work

is done, and the temperature
of the fluid falls from TH to
TL

Heat is then rejected at

constant temperature at the

low temperature source.

Closed Cycle Heat Engine

The cycle in the previous

slide is known as an open

cycle.

The closed cycle here has

four stages

Isothermal heat addition

Adiabatic expansion
Isothermal heat removal
Adiabatic compression
Isothermal = const. Temp
Adiabatic = perfectly

insulated

The Carnot
Engine
The cycles above are examples of the Carnot engine.
In the Carnot cycle all processes are reversible.

In a Carnot engine, the maximum work that can be done,

and hence the efficiency of the ideal engine depends on

the temperatures TH and TL
The efficiency of a Carnot engine is given by

TH TL
TL

1
TH
TH

The temperature is in the Kelvin or absolute scale

This efficiency is called the Carnot efficiency

Carnot Cycle
Pressure
a

nRT1
P=
V

Q1
b

Q=0

nRT2
P=
V

T1
Q=0

d
Q2

P=

c T2

const .
V

Pressure
a

nRT1
P=
V

Q1
b

Q=0

nRT2
P=
V

d
Q2

T1
Q=0

P=

c T2

const .
V

Carnot Cycle
From a to b: isothermal, so that DU = 0 and Q = - W
Thus, Q1 = +nRT1ln(V b/V a)

(positive quantity)

From b to c: adiabatic, Q = 0, so that TVg-1 is constant.

Thus, T1Vbg-1 = T2Vcg-1 or

T1 Vc

T2 Vb

Similarly, from c to d: isothermal, so that DU = 0 and Q = - W

Thus, Q2 = +nRT2ln(V d/V c) = -nRT2ln(V c/V d)

(negative )

Similarly, d to a: adiabatic, Q = 0, so that TVg-1 is constant.

Thus, T2Vdg-1 = T1Vag-1 or

T1 Vd

T2 Va

We see that:
Which means that

Now also:
But as the volume ratios are
equal:

T1 Vc

T2 Vb

V
d
Va

Vc
V
b
Vd
Va
Q1 nRT1 ln(Vb / Va ) T1 ln(Vb / Va )

Q2 nRT2 ln(Vc / Vd ) T2 ln(Vc / Vd )

Q1
T1

Q2
T2

This is an important result. Temperature can be defined

(on the absolute (Kelvin) scale) in terms of the heat flows
in a Carnot Cycle.

Whats Special about a Carnot Cycle?

(1) Heat is transferred to/from only two
reservoirs at fixed temperatures, T1 and T2 not at a variety of temperatures.
(2) Heat transfer is the most efficient
possible because the temperature of the
working substance equals the temperature
of the reservoirs. No heat is wasted in
flowing from hot to cold.
(3) The cycle uses an adiabatic process to
raise and lower the temperature of the
working substance. No heat is wasted in
heating up the working substance.

(5) The Carnot theorem states that the Carnot cycle (or any reversible
cycle) is the most efficient cycle possible. The Carnot cycle defines an
upper limit to the efficiency of a cycle.
Recall that for any cycle, the efficiency of a heat engine is given as:

W
Q2
E =
=1
Q1
Q1
For an engine using a Carnot cycle, the efficiency is also equal to:

T2
C = 1
T1
Where T1 and T2 are the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs,
respectively, in degrees Kelvin.
As T2 > 0, h c is always <1.

Engine
Hot Body
(source of heat)
Q1

W= -Q1

E
Q2 = 0

Cold Body
(absorbs heat)

Engine
Hot Body
(source of heat)
Q1= 0

E
Q2 = W
Cold Body
(absorbs heat)

Examples: friction
creating heat;
isothermal compression
of ideal gas

(1)
The Carnot engine represents the theoretical limit

and is not a practical engine.

The main limitations of the Carnot engine are:
The processes in all four stages are reversible.
For this to be the case they must all take place
infinitely slowly
The work extracted on expansion is equal to the
work required for compression, so no net work is
extracted.
A practical heat engine has a lower efficiency than
a Carnot engine, but can make more effective use
of the energy in the hot fluid.

Practical heat
engines (2)
Practical Heat Engines include:
The Rankine cycle basis of steam engines in
power stations
Otto and Diesel cycles internal combustion
engines
Gas turbine
These have lower efficiencies than the

Carnot cycle but are permit useful work to

be extracted.

The Rankine
cycle
This has two differences to the Carnot cycle
There must be reasonable temperature differences

in the boiler and condenser to ensure that heat

addition and rejection occurs at an acceptable rate
The turbine exhaust is completely condensed and
returned to the boiler by a pump. This uses very
much less energy than a compressor.
These result in lower efficiencies than the Carnot cycle
but permit useful work to be done.

Other cycles
Otto, Diesel and Gas turbines all involve an

initial compression stage, but are otherwise

open cycle processes.
Combined cycle gas turbine:
This combines a gas turbine with a
Rankine steam cycle to maximise the
work extracted from the fuel.
Efficiencies are much closer to Carnot
efficiencies than in other practical cycle
used to date.

Heat Engines Examples

A heat engine absorbs 200 J of heat from a

hot reservoir, does work, and exhausts 160 J

of heat to a cold reservoir. What is the
efficiency of the engine?
QH = 200 J; QC = 160 J

QH QC 200 J 160 J
W
e

0.2 20%
QH
QH
200 J

Heat Engines Examples

A heat engine has an efficiency of 35%.
A. How much work does it perform in a cycle if it

extracts 150 J of heat energy from a hot reservoir

per cycle?

35%
e
0.35
100
W
e
; W e QH 0.35 150 J 52.5 J
QH
B. How much heat energy is exhausted per cycle?

W = QH QC; QC = QH W = 150 J 52.5 J = 97.5 J

Thank you..