PENCEGAHAN HIV/AIDS

Ns. IRA ERWINA, M. Kep, Sp.

KepJ

Prevalensi hiv/aids
Akhir tahun 2010 tercatat bahwa :
34 juta jiwa hidup dengan HIV
2,7 juta jiwa kasus baru yang
terinfeksi HIV
1,8 juta jiwa meninggal karena
penyakit yang timbul akibat AIDS

PENDAHULUAN
Terjadi penurunan angka infeksi HIV di
seluruh penjuru dunia
Sekitar 26% jika dibandingkan dengan
epidemi yang terjadi pada tahun 1997
Tapi di negara di kawasan eropa timur
dan asia tengah, kasus baru infeksi HIV
meningkat
Sedangkan di daerah Oceania, timur
tengah dan afrika utara, angkanya tetap

PENYEBAB TIMBULNYA PENURUNAN ANGKA

INFEKSI HIV

Changes in sexual behavior

Reduce the number of sexual
partners
Increase the use of condoms
Waiting longer before becoming
sexually active
Increases of male circumcision

5 LANGKAH PENCEGAHAN
HIV/AIDS
1. Provide leadership for a strong national
response
2. Know your epidemic and current response
3. Prioritize and tailor your response to the
epidemic
4. Set ambitions, realistic and measurable
prevention targets
5. Use strategicinformation to stay on
course
(UNAIDS, 2008)

BAGAIMANA CARA UNTUK

MENGURANGI RESIKO TERINFEKSI ?
Hindari transmisi melalui cairan
Reduce your sexual risks

Dont have sex

Be monogamous
Get test and know your partners status
Use condom consistenly and correctly

Jika pasangan anda terinfeksi HIV

(mixed-status),
use condom and dental dam
Communication with your partner
Safer sex practice

BAGAIMANA CARA UNTUK

MENGURANGI RESIKO TERINFEKSI ?
If you are injection drug :
Never use or share drug preparation
equipment
Use a new equipment
Only use syringe from a reliable resource
Use sterile water to prepare drugs
Use a new or desinfected container and a
new filter each time you prepare drugs
Before inject, clean the inject site with a new
alcohol swab
Safely dispose of syringe after one use

BAGAIMANA CARA UNTUK

MENGURANGI RESIKO TERINFEKSI ?
If you are prenant :
an HIV-positive mother receives antiretroviral
drugs during pregnancy, labor, and delivery
Has a baby by caesarian section
Avoids breastfeeding
newborn babies are also given treatment after
birth

Use blood tranfusion and organ donation

that free from HIV
PEP (post exposure prophylaxis)

Post exposure prophylaxis (pep)

Biasanya digunakan pada orang yang
terpapar HIV.
Ada dua jenis PEP :
1.Occupational PEP (oPEP)
seseorang yg bekerja di pelayanan kesehatan
potensial terpapar bahan yang terinfeksi HIV

2.Non-occupational PEP
seseorang potensial terpapar HIV diluar area
kerja (mis : kondom yg rusak, aniaya seksual)

Post exposure prophylaxis (pep)

PEP yang efektif harus dimulai dalam
waktu 72 jam semenjak terpapar.
PEP terdiri dari 2-3 obat antiretroviral
yang harus dikonsumsi selama 28 hari
Pengobatan dgn PEP memiliki efek
samping yg berat, sehingga sangat sulit
utk mengakhiri pengobatan
PEP TDK MENJAMIN SESEORANG YG
TERPAPAR HIV TIDAK TERJANGKIT HIV

Tipe-tipe test HIV

1. Antibodi test
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testsuse blood,oral
fluid, orurineto detect HIV antibodies. Results for
these tests can take up totwo weeks.
Rapid HIV antibody testsalso use blood, oral fluid,
or urine to detect HIV antibodies. Results for these
tests can take1020 minutes.
If you get a positive result fromeitherof these
tests, you will need to take another test, called a
Western blot test, to confirm that result. It can
take up totwo weeksto confirm a positive result.

Tipe-tipe test HIV

2. Antigen test
can be used to diagnose HIV infection earlierfrom 1-3
weeks after you are first infected with HIV. Antigen tests
require a blood sample.

3. PCR test (polimerase chain reaction)

This test detects the genetic material of HIV itself, and
can identify HIV in the blood within 2-3 weeks of
infection.
Babies born to HIV-positive mothers are tested with a
special PCR test, because their blood contains their
mother's HIV antibodies for several months. This means
they would test HIV-positive on a standard antibody test
but a PCR test can determine whether the babies have
HIV themselves.
Blood supplies in most developed countries are screened
for HIV using PCR tests. PCR tests are also used to
measureviral loadsfor people who are HIV-positive.

FREKUENSI UNTUK TEST HIV

CDC merekomendasikan utk test HIV setiap
melakukan medical check-up
1 kali setahun, jika menggunakan jarum
suntik bersama, punya riwayat IMS, have
had unprotected sex with mutiple or
anonymous partner
1 kali dalam 3-6 bulan jika seorang
memiliki resiko tinggi
Trimester pertama dan trimester
ketiga jika hamil

TEST HIV SELAMA PERIODE JENDELA

Periode jendela (window period) adl
masa dimana mulai terpapar HIV
sampai positif menderita HIV
Biasanya selama 3-6 bulan
Rata-rata butuh waktu 2-8 minggu
dari waktu terpapar utk
mendapatkan hasil tes yg akurat

Pre-post test counseling

Pre test konseling :
Informasi ttg tes HIV
Informasi ttg penularan HIV dan bagaimana cara
melindungi diri
Informasi ttg kerahasiaan hasil test
Penjelasan yg mudah dipahami ttg arti dari hasil
test

Post test konseling :

Penjelasan ttg hasil test
Konseling pencegahan HIV jika hasil test negatif
Western blot test, jika hasil positif

Jika hasil test : positif

CARILAH DOKTER YANG BERPENGALAMAN DALAM
MENANGANI HIV
JALANI PEMERIKSAAN UNTUK PENYAKIT LAIN,
SEPERTI : IMS DAN TB
PERTAHANKAN GAYA HIDUP YANG SEHAT
SAFER SEX PRACTICE AND USE CONDOM
CONSISTENLY AND CORRECTLY
TELL YOUR PARTNER(S) ABOUT YOUR HIV STATUS
BEFORE YOU HAVE ANY TYPE OF SEXUAL
CONTACT (VAGINAL, ANAL, OR ORAL) AND DONT
SHARE NEEDLES OR SYRINGES.

MITOS SEPUTAR HIV

If you have HIV, you can be cured if you have sex

with a virgin.
THERES NO CURE FOR HIV

Antiretrovirals will cure HIV/AIDS.

medicines control the virus and slow the progression of
HIV infection NOT cure it

Drinking, bathing in, or douching with bleach will

prevent HIV.
Bleach will kill HIV on injection needles and other
surfaces, but is not safe or effective to use it in your
mouth or on/in other parts of your body

The U.S. government created HIV/AIDS.

HIV came from nature, most likely from a particular species
of monkey in Africa. HIV was probably transferred to
humans when they hunted and ate the infected monkeys