FISIKA ZAT PADAT I

DOSEN : DR. IWANTONO, M.PHIL

JURUSAN FISIKA
FMIPA-UR

X-RAY DIFFRACTION

Diffraction - an optical grating

Path difference XY between
diffracted beams 1 and 2:
sin = XY/a

XY = a sin
X

Coherent incident light

Diffracted light

For 1 and 2 to be in phase and give constructive interference, XY = , 2, 3,

4..n
so

a sin = n

where n is the order of diffraction

Consequences: maximum value of for diffraction

sin = 1 a =
Realistically, sin <1 a >
So separation must be same order as, but greater than, wavelength of light.

Thus for diffraction from crystals:

Interatomic distances 0.1 - 2
so = 0.1 - 2
X-rays, electrons, neutrons suitable

X-ray
Tube

Diffraction from crystals

Detector

Incident radiation

Reflected radiation

1
2

Z
Y

Transmitted radiation

Incident radiation

Reflected radiation

1
2

Z
Y

Transmitted radiation

Beam 2 lags beam 1 by XYZ = 2d sin

so

2d sin = n

Braggs Law

e.g. X-rays with wavelength 1.54 are reflected from planes with d=1.2.
Calculate the Bragg angle, , for constructive interference.

= 1.54 x 10-10 m,

2d sin n
n
sin

2d
1

d = 1.2 x 10-10 m, =?

n=1 :

= 39.9

n=2 :

2d sin = n
We normally set n=1 and adjust Miller indices, to give
2dhkl sin =

(n/2d)>1

Example of equivalence of the two forms of Braggs law:

Calculate for =1.54 , cubic crystal, a=5
2d sin = n
(1 0 0) reflection, d=5
n=1,
=8.86o
n=2,
=17.93o
n=3,
=27.52o
n=4,
=38.02o
n=5,
=50.35o
n=6,
=67.52o
no reflection for n7

(2 0 0) reflection, d=2.5
n=1,

=17.93o

n=2,

=38.02o

n=3,
=67.52o
no reflection for n4

Use Braggs law and the d-spacing equation to solve a wide

variety of problems

2d sin = n
or

2dhkl sin =

1 h k l
2
2
2
2
d
a
b c
2

Combining Bragg and d-spacing equation

X-rays with wavelength 1.54 are reflected from the
(1 1 0) planes of a cubic crystal with unit cell a = 6 . Calculate the Bragg
angle, , for all orders of reflection, n.

1 h k l

2
d
a2
2

d 18
2

11 0

0.056
2
6

d = 4.24

d = 4.24

n
sin

2d
1

n=1:

= 10.46

= (1 1 0)

n=2:

= 21.30

= (2 2 0)

n=3:

= 33.01

= (3 3 0)

n=4:

= 46.59

= (4 4 0)

n=5:

= 65.23

= (5 5 0)

2dhkl sin =

EXAMINATION OF A STANDARD X-RAY DIFFRACTION

PATTERN

X-ray diffraction pattern of aluminium

Comparison of x-ray diffraction pattern from

materials with different cubic crystal structures

An analytical approach can also be used to

index diffraction patterns from materials
with a cubic structure.

SEKIAN
TERIMAKASIH