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Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table
Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table
Periodic Table -1
Presented By S. Parker-Grant
CAPE UNIT 1
Module 1
Objectives
Discuss
Objectives
Explain
Daltons Theory
Matter
consists of tiny ,
indivisible particles that cannot
be created or destroyed
Atoms of one element cannot
be converted into atoms of
another element. In chemical
rxns, reacting molecules
separate into atoms that
recombine to form different
molecules
Atoms of given element are
identical on mass etc and are
different from those of another
Atoms of different elements
combine in simple specific
whole # ratios to give
combined atoms(molecules).
Law of multiple proportions
This
The
This
Thomson
Being
Thomsons Experiment
Discovered
corpostle)
Atoms are electrically neutral
Thomson concluded the in order for an
atom to remain electrically neutral,
electrons are embedded in an
positively charged sphere. Plum
pudding model
If
Rutherfords
Experiment(1909)
Rutherfords Findings
Most
Electrons
Nucleus
Consists of massive
particle, Rutherford
identified as protons.
Chadwick later
This
When
The
When
The
1926 onwards
Schrodinger,
Born, and
Heisenberg described the
position of an electron in
terms of the probability of
finding it at any point. This
led to the idea of atomic
orbitals (a region of space
where there is a high
probability of finding an
electron).
Sub-atomic Particles
Summary
The
nucleus =
atom
X = element symbol
Z = atomic number =
# of protons in
# of e- in neutral
(determines the
position in the
elements
periodic table)
A = mass number = # of
protons + neutrons (nucleons)
atomic #)
# of neutrons is A-Z(mass # -
Isotopes
Isotopes
are atoms of an
element which have the same
atomic number(# of p+) but
different mass number(due to
different # of neutrons)
on the mass
spectrum results,
chlorine has 2
isotopes of atomic
masses 35 amu and
37 amu.
The
relative
abundances of these
isotopes are 75% and
25% respectively.
occur as a mixture of
isotopes. The RAM is a weighted
average of all the stable relative
isotopic masses, taking into
account their abundance.
Eg. Chlorine occurs as a mixture
of Cl-35 ( 75%) and Cl-37 (
25%). The weighted avg. of Cls
RAM is:
RAM ?
Naturally
occurring silver is
51.84% silver-107 and 48.16%
silver-109.
Calculate the relative atomic
mass of silver.
n/p ratio
The
n/p ratio
Stable
n/p ratio
Radioactivity
Isotopes
Alpha decay
This
Alpha Decay
-decay
The
Beta Decay
Beta Decay
During
Beta Decay
-
decay
The mass number stays the same
but the # of protons increases by
one. A neutron is changed into a
p+ and an e-.
Gamma Decay
-
decay
- rays can be emitted along with
- or particles or in a process
called electron capture. A proton
is converted to a neutron, so the
mass number stays the same but
the atomic number decreases by
one.
Gamma Decay
A
Uses of radioisotopes
Radiotherapy
Generating
Questions
Explain what is meant by the statement
Chlorine has two isotopes, chlorine -35
and chlorine-37.
2. Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen and it
has two neutrons in its nucleus. Write
the nuclear equation describing the
decay of tritium(3H) to Helium-3(3He).
3. A nucleus has Z = 86 and N = 132.
What is the n:p ratio?
What is the new n:p ratio after an
particle is emitted?
What were the two nuclides?
1.