LNB 20303 Naval

Architecture 1
CHAPTER 2: HULL GEOMETRY
Prepared by: Muhammad Nasuha Mansor
Date: 3rd August 2009

Hull Form
The way to represent hull form?
The Lines Plan
What is lines plan???

ship's hull is a very complicated 3 dimensional shape.

The ship's hull form is represented graphically by a
lines drawing.
The lines drawing consist of projections of the
intersection of the hull with a series of planes.
Planes in one dimension will be perpendicular to planes
in the other two dimensions.
these series of planes are projected to represent views
from the front, top, or side of the ship.
This three separate projections, or views, called the
Body Plan, the Half-Breadth Plan, and the Sheer plan,

The Projection of Lines onto 3 Orthogonal Planes

The Half-Breadth Plan

The Profile Plan

The Body Plan

Example 1: Lines Plan of the USNA Yard Patrol

Craft

Example 2: Lines plan

Example 3: Lines plan

Table of Offsets

To calculate geometric characteristics of the hull using numerical

techniques, the information on the lines plan drawing is converted
to a numerical representation in a table called the table of offsets.
It is a digital description of the entire hull (hull form representation
in coordination form)
The table of offsets lists the distance from the center plane to the
outline of the hull at each station and waterline. This distance is
called the offset or half-breadth distance. By convention this is
the y direction.
It is needed during the calculation of geometric properties of the
hull such as sectional area, waterplane area, submerged volume
and the longitudinal center of flotation.

Hull Geometry

Forward Perpendicular (FP): A perpendicular the point where the

foreside of the stem meets the summer load line.
After Perpendicular (AP): A perpendicular drawn at the point where
the aft side of the rudder post meets the summer load line. Where
no rudder post is fitted it is taken as the centre line of the rudder
stock.
Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP): The length between the
forward and aft perpendiculars measured along the summer load
line.
Amidships: A point midway between the after and forward
perpendiculars.
Length Overall (LOA): Length of vessel taken over all extremities.

Moulded dimensions are often referred to; these are

taken to the inside of plating on a steel ship.

Base Line: A horizontal line drawn at the top of the keel

plate. All vertical moulded dimensions are measured
relative to this line.
Moulded Beam: Measured at the midship section is the
maximum moulded breadth of the ship.
Moulded Draft: Measured from the base line to the
summer load line at the midship section.
Moulded Depth: Measured from the base line to the heel
of the upper deck beam at the ships side amidships.

Extreme Beam: The maximum beam taken over all

extremities.
Extreme Draft: Taken from the lowest point of keel to the
summer load line. Draft marks represent extreme drafts.
Extreme Depth: Depth of vessel at ships side from upper
deck to lowest point of keel.
Half Breadth: Since a ships hull is symmetrical about the
longitudinal centre line, often only the half beam or half
breadth at any section is given.

Freeboard: The difference between the depth at side

and the draught. It is vertical distance from the waterline
to the upperside of the deck plating at side
Sheer: Tendency of a deck to rise above the horizontal in
profile.
Camber (or Round of Beam): Curvature of decks in the
transverse direction. Measured as the height of deck at
centre above the height of deck at side.
Rise of Floor (or Deadrise): The rise of the bottom shell
plating line above the base line. This rise is measured at
the line of moulded beam.

Tumblehome: The inward curvature towards the middle

line (centerline) of the side shell above the waterline
Flare: The outward curvature towards the midle line
(centerline)of the side shell above the waterline. It
promotes dryness and is therefore associated with the
fore end of ship.
Stem Rake: Inclination of the stem line from the vertical.

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Last but not least, in the hull geometry definition, there

are certain coefficients, called as form coefficients
Non- dimensional
They will later used as the values as guide to describe
the fatness or slimness of the hull, especially below the
waterline.
4 basic form coefficients are:
Block coefficient, Cb.
Midship coefficient, Cm.
Waterplane area coefficient, Cwp
Prismatic coefficient, Cp

1.

Block coefficient, Cb

Gives the ratio of the volume of the underwater body

() and the rectangular block bounded by length (Lpp),
breadth (B), and draught (T).
A vessel with a small Cb is referred to as fine (fast
ships).
Customary values for the Cb of several types of vessel:

Type

Cb

Form

Very fast ship

0.50 - 0.65

Fine

Ordinary cargo ship

0.65 0.75

Moderate

Slow bulk carrier

0.75 0.90

Full

1.

Midship coefficient, Cm

Ratio of the immersed midship section area (Am) to the

area of the rectangular having the same breadth and
draught of the ship.
0.85 fast ship, 0.99 slow ship

1.

Waterplane coefficient, Cwp

The ratio of the area of the waterplane area to the area

of the rectangular having a length (L) and a breadth (B)
equal to the ship moulded breadth.

1.

Prismatic coefficient, Cp

The ratio of the volume of displacement to the volume

of prism (equal to the length between perpendiculars ,
Lpp multiply with a cross- sectional area of the midship,
Am
Approximate range of values: 0.55 fine ship, 0.85 full
ship.