0 St ates Cape

Coast&1
m of Cod
1000 k

New
Jersey

Building a
Regional Ocean Observatory
for the Middle Atlantic Bight:
Our View from the COOLroom
Scott Glenn, Oscar Schofield,
Robert Chant, Josh Kohut, John
Manderson,
MIDDLE Janice McDonnell, Rich Dunk, John Wilkin
ATLANTIC Plus Many Other Researchers & Students
COASTAL
OCEAN
OBSERVING
Cape REGIONAL
Hatteras ASSOCIATIO
U.S. Population Distribution
 0 St ates Cape
Coast&1
m of Cod
1000 k

New
Jersey

Todays Talk Outline:

1.Science Based Build-out (ONR, NSF, NOPP)

Power of peer review, challenges of expansion

2. Service to Society (NOAA, DHS)

Ocean observatories are multi-use

3. Transformation of Ocean Education (NSF, NOAA)

Broadening the definition of an oceanographer

Cape 4. Broader Impact of Education (NOAA, International)

Hatteras Feedbacks on science & society Gulf oil spill
Large Marine Ecosystem #7: Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf
(64 LMEs world wide, 80% of marine fisheries catch)

Highly Urbanized Coast Marine Transportation Hubs

Fall Bottom
Summer-Winter SST Difference Migratory Fish Temperature Trend,
Species 1977 through 2008,
Dave Richardson,
NOAA NMFS
Why is it important to understand Large Marine Ecosystems now?
Growing Human Population Greatest in Less Developed Countries

Reduced Fish Population Fishing Displaced to Less Developed Countries

 A Look Back
If I were to choose a single phrase to
characterize the first century of modern
oceanography, it would be a century of
under-sampling.
Walter Munk, 2000

A Look Forward
Technology Enables Scientists to Improve Our View

1 Satellites in Space (Beginning in 1980s)

+1 + Subsurface Ocean Arrays (Now!)
---- ------------------------------------
3 Well Sampled Ocean
Walter Munk, 2000. Oceanography Before, and After, the Advent of Satellites.
A Global View from Space: Imagers and Altimeters

Passive Imagers for

SST & Ocean Color

Active
Radars
for
Altimetry
A Global Array of 3,000 Argo Profiling Floats
The National Ocean Partnership Act
was signed into law by President
Clinton on September 23, 1996.
Seed funding for the first year of the
National Ocean Partnership Program
(NOPP) was subsequently provided in
the FY1997 Department of Defense
Appropriations Act.

NOPP served as the catalyst for the maturation of

our research community and helped us realize the
impact of our research efforts can be compounded
through collaboration, coordination and cooperation.
It is our responsibility, now, to take these enhanced
skills of partnering and apply them to societys most
exigent needs with haste and vigor.
J.D. Watkins, T.R. Schaff & R.W. Spinrad
Oceanography, 2009,Vol.22, No.2
http://www.tos.org/oceanography/issues/issue_archive/22_2.html
 Rutgers University - Coastal Ocean Observation Lab
Operations, Data Fusion & Training Center

CODAR Network L-Band & X-Band Satellite 3-D Nowcasts Glider Fleet
Receivers & Forecasts
Regional International Constellation
L-Band X-Band
(installed 1992) (installed 2003)

OCM
Chlorophyll
India

Local
MODIS
Chlorophyll
USA

FY1-D
ch7:ch9
China

Global
 A) CODAR B) C)
HF Radar
Network

D) E)

C)

F) G) H) I) J)
What is an Underwater Glider?
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV)
Moves without a propeller by changing its buoyancy
Wings turn vertical motion into horizontal flight
Moves slowly through the water collecting data as it goes
Surfaces to communicate with shore at regular intervals
Anatomy of a Glider
Antenna (Iridium,
Science Freewave, GPS &
Control Argos)
Buoyancy Payload Bay Board
Pump Air Bladder

Fin

Altimeter
CTD

Fore Hull Aft Hull Cowling

How gliders fly
When surfacing to
Buoyancy pump in connect glider
the glider pulls in 0.5 L inflates air bladder
of water

Glider begins
to dive
downward

one dive and

Push pump out glider one climb is
inflects and begins to called a yo
Autonomous Underwater Gliders

RU COOL 20+ Glider Fleet:

January 2003 - May 2010
180 deployments
75,000 km flown
1,741 calendar days at sea
3,431 in-water days
 ONR CBLAST
2005
Coastal Collaboratory 1998

NSF LaTTE 2004-2006

NSF MSF 2006-2007

Campus Collaboratory 2002
ONR SW06
2005-2006

ONR CPSE NSF OOI CI IO

& HyCODE OSSE 2009 Virtual Collaboratory 2006
1998-2001 Observatory-Enabled
Collaborative Research
ONR MURI REA
2006-2010 Campaigns in the
Mid-Atlantic Bight
Hypoxia/Anoxia & Bottom Bathymetry
Historical Recurrent
Hypoxia Centers land
Depth
Long Is
12 m
15 m
Warsh NOAA
20 m
1989
25 m
30 m
35 m
New
40 m
50 m
Jersey Barnegat
100 m Field Station
500 m
1000m
2500m

LEO

Cape May
DE
NOAA Mid-Atlantic Bight National Undersea Research Center
 Idealized Model of the Inner Shelf with Three Topographic Highs

E) Temp (oC)
10.8
12.2
13.6
15.0
B) 16.4
17.8
D) 8/5/93 19.2
CTD Transect 20.6
A) 22.0
23.4
24.8
win
d
F) CODAR & SST 7/98

1 m s-1 Temp.
C) 21
Barnegat LEO 23
delta delta North 25
Cape May
27
Song et al. (JGR) 2002 delta
Figure 6
 Coastal Ocean RADAR Brant Beach
Surface Velocities

Coupled With Sea Surface 20 cm/sec

Temperature Satellite Imagery

Celsius
Great
T 21
e Bay Marine Field Station
22 39:30N
m
p 23
e
r 24
a A
t 25 B
u
r 26
e
27

Brigantine

Atlantic City

Kilometers

0 5 10
74:15W

74:00W
39:15N
C l o u d Copyright 1998, Colon Boy Productions.
Hypoxia/Anoxia & Bottom Bathymetry
Historical Recurrent
Hypoxia Centers land
Depth
Long Is
12 m
15 m
Warsh NOAA
20 m
25 m ? 1989
30 m
35 m
New
40 m
50 m
Jersey Barnegat
100 m Field Station Summer late fall
500 m upwelling
1000m
2500m

LEO

Cape May
DE
 NSF Hudson River Plume
Lagrangian Transport & Transformation Experiment

Downwelling Upwelling

Geyer and Fong

Input of organic matter is pulsed to coastal system as floods and punctuated
tidal squirts. Example, a tidal bore as it flows past the R/V Cape Hatteras

Salinity
 The Nearshore Recirculation: An Incubator for Phytoplankton

Drifters Recirculate
Observatory Finds
The Frazer Eddy!

Hudson River

Oxygen Drops
Large
Phytoplankton
Dominate
Freshwater Plume moves Cross-Shelf, down the Hudson Shelf Valley

Long-Range CODAR
Surface Currents

Satellite SST

Kerfoot et al
OS45D-21
Deploy Glider Track
The Glider Salinity Section
Robot
LaTTE 2005 -- After Luring the Cape Hatteras Offshore.

Shipboard Salinity Section

Across the NJ Coastal Current
and the HSV Highway

The survey began on the Highway. We were near the glider

when it surfaced. We saw currents ripping southward in a 10 m
thick layer of freshwater along the highway -- perhaps the most
significant freshwater transport we saw all week.
Perhaps the most perplexing to me is the Highway and
why there has been a lack of a strong coastally trapped flow
this week.

--- Bob Chant aboard the Cape Hatteras, April 21, 2005
Collaborative Campaign Science in the Middle Atlantic Bight:
The Shallow Water 2006 Joint Experiment (SW06)
>12 Satellites
48 Senior
PIs & PMs

7 Ships
3 Ground-
stations
10 Gliders

1 Aircraft

62 Moorings
Collaborative Campaign Science in the Middle Atlantic Bight:
The Shallow Water 2006 Joint Experiment (SW06)
HiSeasNet >12 Satellites
48 Senior
PIs & PMs

7 Ships a tio n
ni c
mmu 3 Ground-
Co
stations
10 Gliders

1 Aircraft

62 Moorings
 Top 5 Discharge Events
Since 1918
SW06
3/21/1936 3955
LATTE 3/16/1977 3438
1/22/1996 3201
9/20/1938 3171
6/29/2006 3167

Hudson River Watershed

#5: Albanys Wettest June on Record since 1795
Albany Monthly Rainfall

14

12

10
Rainfall [in]

2006
6

2
Mean Current based on Wind (Summer)

NW NE

SW SE
 Summer 2006
Extreme Stratification
At the Shelf Break Glider
For SW06 Temperature
The Albany Puddle
NOAA Buoy
Winds

Glider
Salinity

Virtual
Drifters
in
CODAR
Current
Fields Glider
Density
The Mid-Atlantic Regional Coastal Ocean Observing System
Established 2007: 35 Co-PIs, 25 Institutions, 10 States

Regional Priorities:
1) Safety at Sea
Search and Rescue
2) Ecosystem Decision Support
Fisheries
3) Water Quality
4) Coastal Inundation
5) Offshore Energy
MACOORA Theme 1: Maritime Safety Search And Rescue
Nearest Coastal Site
MAB CODAR CODAR Currents
Network SLDMB Drifter

SLDMB
Drifter

Drifter Test Results

CODAR Exceeds
Present Methodology
SAROPS
Before SAROPS
CODAR After
Large CODAR
Random Small
Search Stratified
Area Search
Areas
 HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model or (HYCOM)
and
HF Radar
Currents in SAROPS
HYCOM - Low Confidence

Sigma (1 std dev) = 0.37 knots

Tau (half life) = 264 minutes

HF Radar - High Confidence

sigma (1 std dev) = 0.22 knots

Tau (half life) = 264 minutes

Test Case: July 22, 2009 at 00:00Z

Number of particles = 5000

SLDMB 39029

 24 Hours Into Search

HYCOM HF Radar
Low Confidence High Confidence
 48 Hours Into Search

HYCOM HF Radar
Low Confidence High Confidence
 72 Hours Into Search

HYCOM HF Radar
Low Confidence High Confidence
 96 Hours Into Search

HYCOM HF Radar
Low Confidence High Confidence
Search Area After 96 Hours

154 km
100 km

232 km 123 km

HYCOM HF Radar

36,000 km2 12,000 km2

10,500 nmi2 3,500 nmi2

May 4, 2009: After a year of testing, NOAA & USCG announce
On U.S. Department of Commerce Website that
MACOORA HF Radar Network is Operational in SAROPS
U.S. IOOS Goal
for 2010:
Bring all
sustained
regional-scale
HFR networks up
to operational
status in USCG
SAROPS
MACOORA Theme 2: Ecosystem Based Management

Large Marine Ecosystems

Fisheries Surveys & Argo Drifters

Met. Stations & QuikSCAT

Atmospheric Forecasts

Ocean Forecasts
k m
HF Radar & Altimetry ,0 00
1
Satellite Imagery

Glider Fleets
Fall 2008
Glider
Transects
Autumn habitat GAM
offshore migration & spawning

= bottom temperature + bottom rugosity

+ current divergence + Chlorphyll-a*

Spawn in habitats minimizing

larval mortality/growth ratio?
Its the least they could do!:

From John Manderson, NOAA

 Particle trajectories in surface currents (HF radar)
Winter Spring

Probability of egg occurrence

Autumn Summer

From John Manderson, NOAA

Gong et al., 2009. JGR
U.S. National HF Radar Network Development Already includes
129 Sites from
29 Organizations

First of 11 Regions is
already operational in
Coast Guard SAROPS

Several regional
networks will become
operational in 2010

A 5-Year Build-out
Plan has been
developed.

While Search And

Rescue has been the
driver, many other
applications benefit.
Trans-Atlantic Glider Challenge 2006
UNESCO E.U./U.S. Baltic Sea Conference in Lithuania
Rick Spinrad, NOAA Assistant Administrator.
Take one of your gliders, modify it, and fly it across the Atlantic, inspiring students along the way.

Required Improvements to Glider Technology

Increase Endurance by a Factor of 10 (30 days to 300 days)
Power Reduce Power Usage (2.25 W to 1.5 W)
Alkaline to Lithium Batteries (3.5 times more power)
Extended Payload Bay (230 Batteries to 450)
Steering Ruggedized Tailfin
Corrosion Protection Electrical Isolation & Zincs
Storm Protection Ruggedized connectors.
Biological Protection Coatings and Paints, vertical control.

Required Development of Path Planning Capabilities

Access to Remote Sensing Datasets and Model Forecasts
Visualization of Glider Tracks, Currents & Data
Google Earth interactive interface

Required Human Resources

Numerous focused activities weather forecasts,
satellite observations, glider observations, ocean forecasts,
satellite communications, path planning, flight characteristics,
biological interactions, vessel traffic, approach planning,
landfall logistics.
Coordination of a Distributed International Team.
 COSEE-Networked Ocean World (NOW)
Linking ocean scientists and educators in the real and virtual world

265 Members
100 Scientists

COSEE-NOW focus is the Educational

aspects of Ocean Observatories:
Engaging Scientists
Fostering Collaborations
Increasing Awareness
Exciting the Next Generation in Science and Engineering
Building a Young International Community
Education-Based Long-Duration Glider Flights
RU15 to Halifax (2008), RU17 to Azores (2008), RU27 to Spain (2009)
Thermal Glider Drake (2009), Thermal Glider Cook (2010)

RU15

RU27
Thermal RU17
Cook

Thermal
Drake
 Mission Complete: Scarlet Knight is the first underwater robot
to cross an ocean basin
A Heros Welcome in Baiona, December 9, 2009

Flight Statistics:
221 Days
7,409 km
11,000 Dives
11,000 Climbs
 Rutgers English Majors Documenting the
Documenting the Story Work of Rutgers Marine Science Majors
Dena Seidel, Rutgers University Writers House
 Supporting IOOS Activities
in the Gulf Oil Spill

Same Collaborative Portal

Established
 Supporting IOOS Activities
in the Gulf Oil Spill

Same Interactive Blogs

Initiated
Supporting
IOOS
Activities in
the Gulf Oil
Spill

Same
Google Earth
Interface and
Datasets for
Mission
Planning
HMS Challenger Mission 1872-1876
First Dedicated Global Ocean Science Cruise

The Next Grand Glider Challenge 2009 - Can a globally

distributed network of scientists & students repeat the Challenger
Mission with a coordinated fleet of underwater robotic gliders?

International Community

Scientific Collaboration

Technical Development

Cultural Exchange
 Glider Cooks
Planned Path
Along 26.5N

Healthy Children
Healthy Oceans
 Conclusions:

1.Science Based Buildout

Expanding Science Missions produced the core observatory

2. Service to Society
Multi-use capabilities have been proven

3. Transformation of Ocean Education

Working to fulfill the expanding need for
a broader range of oceanographers

4. Broader Impact of Education

Feedbacks on science & society
are now being demonstrated