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Two Way Slab (By Coefficients)
Two Way Slab (By Coefficients)
coefficient method
Fig.-1.
5 w a 4a 5 w b 4b
384EI 384EI
(a )
Fig.-2.
w a 4b
4
w b a
From the eq.(b) it is clear that larger share of the load is carried in
the short direction, the ratio of the two portions of the total load being
inversely proportional to the fourth power of the ratio of the spans.
w a 4b
4
w b a
b
4
a
b
w a 256 w b
b
3 .5
a
w a 150.06 w b
b
3
a
w a 81w b
b
2. 5
a
w a 39.06 w b
b
2
a
w a 16 w b
b
1
a
wa wb
Behaviour
of two way because
slabs the actual behaviour of a slab is
This
result is approximate
more complex than that of the two intersecting strips. The Fig.3(b)
shows a slab model consisting of two sets of three strips each. It can
be seen that the two central strips s1 and 1 bend in a manner similar
to that shown
Fig.-3.
w 2
2
0.0625 w2
8
Fig.-4.
Behaviour
of two
way
slabs diagram in Fig.4(b) applies only at
Similarly,
the long
span
moment
longitudinal center line of the slab; elsewhere, ordinates are reduced
according to variation shown.
Fig.-4.
Fig.-4.
conditions of
continuity
at
the
supported edges
is
various
simplified
methods
have
been
adopted
for
Ma Ca w2a
and
Mb Cb w2b
Where
Ca, Cb = tabulated moment coefficients
w = uniform load, psf
Fig.-5.
Fig.-6.
economical to place the steel in that direction on top of the bars in the
short direction. The stacking problem does not exist for negative
reinforcement perpendicular to the supporting edge beams except at
the corners where moments are small.
Minimum
ratios
of
(temperature
and
shrinkage)
00.0020
0.0018
0.0018 60,000
fy
Ratio
a C/ b
1.00
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
0.076
0.050
0.050
0.075
0.071
0.079
0.075
Cb.neg
0.045
0.045
0.95 Ca.neg
Cb.neg
0.050
0.041
0.072
0.055
0.045
0.90 Ca.neg
Cb.neg
0.055
0.037
0.070
0.060
0.040
0.080
0.079
0.85 Ca.neg
Cb.neg
0.060
0.031
0.065
0.066
0.034
0.082
0.083
0.80 Ca.neg
Cb.neg
0.065
0.027
0.083
0.086
0.061
0.071
0.029
0.75 Ca.neg
Cb.neg
0.069
0.022
0.056
0.076
0.024
0.085
0.088
0.70 Ca.neg
Cb.neg
0.074
0.017
0.050
0.081
0.019
0.086
0.091
0.65 Ca.neg
Cb.neg
0.077
0.014
0.043
0.085
0.015
0.087
0.093
0.60 Ca.neg
Cb.neg
0.081
0.010
0.035
0.089
0.011
0.088
0.095
0.55 Ca.neg
Cb.neg
0.084
0.007
0.028
0.092
0.008
0.089
0.096
0.50 Ca.neg
Cb.neg
0.086
0.006
0.022
0.094
0.006
0.090
0.097
a.neg
Case 7
Case 8
Case 9
0.071
0.033
0.061
0.061
0.033
0.067
0.038
0.056
0.065
0.029
0.062
0.043
0.052
0.068
0.025
0.057
0.049
0.046
0.072
0.021
0.051
0.055
0.041
0.075
0.017
0.044
0.061
0.036
0.078
0.014
0.038
0.068
0.029
0.081
0.011
0.031
0.074
0.024
0.083
0.008
0.024
0.080
0.018
0.085
0.006
0.019
0.085
0.014
0.086
0.005
0.014
0.089
0.010
0.088
0.003
Ratio
M= la/ lb
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Case 7
Case 8
Case 9
1.00 Ca.dl
Cb.dl
0.036
0.036
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.018
0.033
0.027
0.027
0.033
0.020
0.023
0.023
0.020
0.95 Ca.dl
Cb.dl
0.040
0.033
0.020
0.016
0.021
0.025
0.030
0.024
0.028
0.015
0.036
0.024
0.031
0.031
0.022
0.021
0.024
0.017
0.90 Ca.dl
Cb.dl
0.045
0.029
0.022
0.014
0.025
0.024
0.033
0.022
0.029
0.013
0.039
0.021
0.035
0.028
0.025
0.019
0.026
0.015
0.85 Ca.dl
Cb.dl
0.050
0.026
0.024
0.012
0.029
0.022
0.036
0.019
0.031
0.011
0.042
0.017
0.040
0.025
0.029
0.017
0.028
0.013
0.80 Ca.dl
Cb.dl
0.056
0.023
0.026
0.011
0.034
0.020
0039
0.016
0.032
0.009
0.045
0.015
0.045
0.022
0.032
0.015
0.029
0.010
0.75 Ca.dl
Cb.dl
0.061
0.019
0.028
0.009
0.040
0.018
0.043
0.013
0.033
0.007
0.048
0.012
0.051
0.020
0.036
0.013
0.031
0.007
0.70 Ca.dl
Cb.dl
0.068
0.016
0.030
0.007
0.046
0.016
0.046
0.011
0.035
0.005
0.051
0.009
0.058
0.017
0.040
0.011
0.033
0.006
0.65 Ca.dl
Cb.dl
0.74
0.13
0.032
0.006
0.054
0.014
0.050
0.009
0.036
0.004
0.054
0.007
0.065
0.014
0.044
0.009
0.034
0.005
0.60 Ca.dl
Cb.dl
0.081
0.010
0.034
0.004
0.062
0.011
0.053
0.007
0.037
0.003
0.056
0.006
0.073
0.012
0.048
0.007
0.036
0.004
0.55 Ca.dl
Cb.dl
0.088
0.008
0.035
0.003
0.071
0.009
0.056
0.005
0.038
0.002
0.058
0.004
0.081
0.009
0.052
0.005
0.037
0.003
0.50 Ca.dl
0.095
0.037
0.080
0.059
0.039
0.061
0.089
0.056
0.038
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Case 7
Case 8
Case 9
Cb.ll
0.036
0.036
0.027
0.027
0.027
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.032
0.027
0.035
0.032
0.032
0.035
0.028
0.030
0.030
0.028
0.95 Ca.ll
Cb.ll
0.040
0.033
0.030
0.025
0.031
0.029
0.035
0.029
0.034
0.024
0.038
0.029
0.036
0.032
0.031
0.027
0.032
0.025
0.90 Ca.ll
Cb.ll
0.045
0.029
0.034
0.022
0.035
0.027
0.039
0.026
0.037
0.021
0.042
0.025
0.040
0.029
0.035
0.024
0.036
0.022
0.85 Ca.ll
Cb.ll
0.050
0.026
0.037
0.019
0.040
0.024
0.043
0.023
0.041
0.019
0.046
0.022
0.045
0.026
0.042
0.022
0.039
0.020
0.80 Ca.ll
Cb.ll
0.056
0.023
0.041
0.017
0.045
0.022
0.048
0.020
0.044
0.016
0.051
0.019
0.051
0.023
0.044
0.019
0.042
0.017
0.75 Ca.ll
Cb.ll
0.061
0.019
0.045
0.014
0.051
0.019
0.052
0.016
0.047
0.013
0.055
0.016
0.056
0.020
0.049
0.016
0.046
0.013
0.70 Ca.ll
Cb.ll
0.068
0.016
0.049
0.012
0.057
0.016
0.057
0.014
0.051
0.011
0.060
0.013
0.063
0.017
0.054
0.014
0.050
0.011
0.65 Ca.ll
Cb.ll
0.74
0.13
0.053
0.010
0.064
0.014
0.062
0.011
0.055
0.009
0.064
0.010
0.070
0.014
0.059
0.011
0.054
0.009
0.60 Ca.ll
Cb.ll
0.081
0.010
0.058
0.007
0.071
0.011
0.067
0.009
0.059
0.007
0.068
0.008
0.077
0.011
0.065
0.009
0.059
0.007
0.55 Ca.ll
Cb.ll
0.088
0.008
0.062
0.006
0.080
0.009
0.072
0.007
0.063
0.005
0.073
0.006
0.085
0.009
0.070
0.007
0.063
0.006
0.50 Ca.ll
Cb.ll
0.095
0.006
0.066
0.004
0.088
0.007
0.077
0.005
0.067
0.004
0.078
0.005
0.092
0.007
0.076
0.005
0.067
0.004
Ratio
1.00
a /
Cb
a.ll
Ca w a b
Wa
2 b
where w total uniform dead load
C w a b
Wb b
2 a
Ratio
M= La/ Lb
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Case 7
Case 8
Case 9
1.00 Wa
Wb
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.17
0.83
0.50
0.50
0.83
0.17
0.71
0.29
0.29
0.71
0.33
0.67
0.67
0.33
0.95 Wa
Wb
0.55
0.45
0.55
0.45
0.20
0.80
0.55
0.45
0.86
0.14
0.75
0.25
0.33
0.67
0.38
0.62
0.71
0.29
0.90 Wa
Wb
0.60
0.40
0.60
0.40
0.23
0.77
0.60
0.40
0.88
0.12
0.79
0.21
0.38
0.62
0.43
0.57
0.75
0.25
0.85 Wa
Wb
0.66
0.34
0.66
0.34
0.28
0.72
0.66
0.34
0.90
0.10
0.83
0.17
0.43
0.57
0.49
0.51
0.79
0.21
0.80 Wa
Wb
0.71
0.29
0.71
0.29
0.33
0.67
0.71
0.29
0.92
0.08
0.86
0.14
0.49
0.51
0.55
0.45
0.83
0.17
0.75 Wa
Wb
0.76
0.24
0.76
0.24
0.39
0.61
0.76
0.24
0.94
0.06
0.88
0.12
0.56
0.44
0.61
0.39
0.86
0.14
0.70 Wa
Wb
0.81
0.19
0.81
0.19
0.45
0.55
0.81
0.19
0.95
0.05
0.91
0.09
0.62
0.38
0.68
0.32
0.89
0.11
0.65 Wa
Wb
0.85
0.15
0.85
0.15
0.53
0.47
0.85
0.15
0.96
0.04
0.93
0.07
0.69
0.31
0.74
0.26
0.92
0.08
0.60 Wa
Wb
0.89
0.11
0.89
0.11
0.61
0.39
0.89
0.11
0.97
0.03
0.95
0.05
0.76
0.24
0.80
0.20
0.94
0.06
0.55 Wa
Wb
0.92
0.08
0.92
0.08
0.69
0.31
0.92
0.08
0.98
0.02
0.96
0.04
0.81
0.19
0.85
0.15
0.95
0.05
0.50 Wa
Wb
0.94
0.06
0.94
0.06
0.76
0.24
0.94
0.06
0.99
0.01
0.97
0.03
0.86
0.14
0.89
0.31
0.97
0.03
Problem:
Problem:
Solution
Slab thickness = Perimeter /180
12
h 2 20 25
6 in.
180
The corresponding dead load is 150 0.5= 75 psf
Solution
The moment calculations for the slab middle strips at continuous
edges
For case 4(one long side and one short side continuous)
Ca.neg = 0.071
C b.neg = 0.029
(table-1)
Solution
The positive moment calculations for the slab middle strips
For case 4(one long side and one short side continuous)
Ca.dl = 0.039
Cb.dl = 0.016
(table-2)
Ca.ll = 0.048
C b.ll = 0.020
(table-3)
73,400 lb.in
47,600 lb.in
Solution
Negative Moment at Discontinuous Edge
Negative B.M at discontinuous support is one-third of B.M at midspan.
Ma,neg
Mb,neg
1
73,400 24,500 lb.in
3
1
47,600 15,900 lb.in
3
Reinforcement calculations
For fc 4000 psi
1 0.85
0.85fc 87,000
0.85 3000
87,000
b
1
0.85
fy
60,000
87,000 60,000
87,000 fy
0.02138
Solution
81555.6 lb.in
0 .9
Mn 81555.6
Rn 2
271.852
2
bd
12 5
fy
60,000
m
23.53
0.85fc 0.85 3000
1
2mR n
1 1
m
fy
1
2 23.53 271.852
1 1
0.0048
23.53
60,000
Choose # 4 @ 8 in c / c
( A s 0.29)
0 .9
M
127777 .78
Rn n2
425.93
2
bd
12 5
fy
60,000
m
23.53
0.85fc 0.85 3000
1
2mR n
1 1
m
fy
1
2 23.53 425.93
1 1
0.0078
23.53
60,000
Choose # 4 @ 5 in c / c
( A s 0.47)
0.9
M
27222.22
Rn n2
90.74
2
bd
12 5
fy
60,000
m
23.53
0.85fc 0.85 3000
Mn
1
2mR n
1 1
m
fy
1
2 23.53 90.74
1 1
0.00154
23.53
60,000
Choose #3 @10 in c / c
( A s 0.13)
Solution
52888.89 lb.in
0 .9
Mn 52,888.89
Rn 2
217.65
2
bd
12 4.5
fy
60,000
m
23.53
0.85fc 0.85 3000
1
2mR n
1 1
m
fy
1
2 23.53 217.65
1 1
0.0038
23.53
60,000
Choose #3 @ 6 in c / c
( A s 0.22)
81555.6 lb.in
0.9
Mn 81555.6
Rn 2
271.852
2
bd
12 5
fy
60,000
m
23.53
0.85fc 0.85 3000
1
2mR n
1 1
m
fy
1
2 23.53 271.852
1 1
0.0048
23.53
60,000
Choose # 4 @ 8 in c / c
( A s 0.29)
moment,
minimum
reinforcement
came
out
after
( A s 0.13)
Shear Check
Total applied load = 20 25 338 =169,000 lb
From table-4 Wa = 0.71
and
Wb = 0.29
169,000
0.71 25 2400 lb / ft
2
169,000
Load per foot on the short beam
0.29 20 1220 lb / ft
2
The shear strength of the slab is
Load per foot on the long beam
Thus the resisting shear is well above the applied shear. Thus there
is no need of shear reinforcement.
Deflection Control
Edge-supported slabs are typically thin relative to their span, and
may show large deflections even though strength requirements are
met, unless certain limitations are imposed in the design to prevent
this. The simplest approach to deflection control is to impose a
minimum thickness-span ratio.
In the 1963 code, in which the coefficient method of analysis was
introduced, provided that the slab thickness should not be less than
3.5 in and not less than the total perimeter divided by 180.
Deflection Control
Deflection to be
considered
Immediate deflection
due to live load L
Immediate deflection
due to live load L
Deflection
limitation
180
360
480
240
Deflection Control
The calculation of deflections for slabs is complicated by many
factors such as
Varying rotational restraint at the edges
The influences of alternative loading arrangements.
Varying ratio of side lengths
Effects of cracking.
Time dependent influences of shrinkage and creep.
Deflection
Control
Deflection Control
obtained when the live load acts on the given panel, but not on the
adjacent panels. Therefore, live load deflection should be based on
the maximum positive moments found using table of positive
moments.
This will be illustrated for the slab shown in Fig(a), considering the
middle strip of unit width in the long direction of the panel. The
variation of moment for a uniformly distributed load is parabolic, and
the sum of the positive and negative moments must, according to
statics, be
1
M w b 2b
8
(a )
Deflection Control
where wb is the fractional
part of the load transmitted in
the long direction of the panel
(Fig (c)). If fully fixity were
obtained at the supports, the
negative moment would be
1
2
2
Mneg
w b b M
(b) 2 M
12
3
3
And the positive moment
would be
Mpos
1
1
2
w b b M
24
3
(c )
Deflection Control
It has been noted earlier that the coefficients for maximum live
load positive moments were derived assuming 50 percent, 100
percent, fixity.
Accordingly, the zero moment baseline associated with the
maximum positive moment Mb obtained using table of positive
moment as shown in Fig(c), and the statically consistent negative
moments are one-half the positive moment Mb.
Deflection Control
3 Mb 2b
32 Ec eff
(d)
Deflection Control
Deflection Control
For the special case where edges are completely free of restraint,
as if, for example, the slab where supported by masonry walls, the
midspan live load deflection is
5 Mb 2b
48 Ec eff
(e)
Deflection Control
1 Mb 2b
d
16 Ec eff
(f )
Where Mb is, in this case, the dead load positive moment obtained
using the coefficients of table of dead load positive moment.
For the special case where both ends are free of restraint, the
midspan dead load deflection can be found from
5 Mb 2b
d
48 Ec eff
(g)
Deflection Control
While the deflections discussed above have been with reference to
a unit strip spanning in the longer direction of the panel of Figure(a),
calculations may also be based on the strip in the shorter direction.
The resulting deflection at the center of the panel should be same
in either case, although small differences can be expected because of
the approximate nature of the calculations.
Deflection Control
Slab deflections calculated according to the equations just given
are the initial elastic deflections produced immediately upon
application of the loads.
For sustained loads such as from dead loads. ACI Code 9.5.3
recommends that the increase in deflection with time can be found
based on the following equation.
1 50
(g)
Deflection Control
Problem
The floor slab of previous problem will support rigid partition and other
non-structural elements that would be damaged by large deflection.
These elements will be installed 3 months after constructions shoring
is removed and dead load imposed, calculate the increment of dead
load and service live load deflection that would affect the
superimposed elements, and compare with ACI code limit values.
Solution
12 63
g
216 in 4
12
Solution
12,600
9000 in lb
1.4
1 Mb 2b
d
16 Ec eff
(f )
9000 25 12
d
0.08 in.
6
16 3.12 10 216
2
Solution
For comparison, in the short direction the service load moment due to
dead load is
19,700
14,100 in lb
1.4
And the corresponding deflection at midpanel is
14,100 20 12
d
0.08 in.
6
16 3.12 10 216
2
Just as before.
The time-dependent increment of deflection will be calculated
based on a 5-year multiplier =3.0, but the ACI Code time variation
shown in Fig is used. That figure indicates that one-half the timedependent deflection would have occurred at 3 months.
Solution
Only the remaining half would occur after installation of the partitions
and other elements. Thus the fractional part of the time-dependent
dead load deflections that may cause damage is
1
0.08 3 0.12 in.
2
Live load deflection will be calculated from eq.(d).
In the long-span direction, from previous example, the live load
positive moment is 35,000 in-lb at factored loads, or
35,000
20,600 in lb
1 .7
is service load moment.
Solution
3 Mb 2b
32 Ec eff
(d)
3 20,600 25 12
0.26 in.
6
32 3.12 10 216
2
53,700
31,600 in lb
1.7
3 31,600 20 12
0.25 in.
6
32 3.12 10 216
2
Solution
20 12
0.50 in.
480
so on the basis of deflections the design can be considered
satisfactory.
Assignment
fy 40,000 psi
Im posed Dead Load 30 psf