ARTICULATIONS (JOINTS)

Take Notes on the Handout

Types of Joints
1.Fibrous (Synarthroses):
articulating bones fit closely
together; most are fixed,
immovable joints
Examples: sutures in the skull;
syndesmoses- distal end of tibia
and fibula and interosseous
membrane of the radius and ulna

Sutures:
irregular edges
of bone
interlock and
are bound
together with
connective
tissue

Syndesmoses- connective fibers (ligaments) bind the two

bones together, allowing for a little give but no true
movement. Ex: distal end of tibia and fibula; interosseous
membrane that connects radius and ulna, as well as tibia and
fibula

Syndesmoses- connective fibers (ligaments) bind the

two bones together, allowing for a little give but no true
movement. Ex: distal end of tibia and fibula;
interosseous membrane that connects radius and ulna,
as well as tibia and fibula

2. Cartilaginous
(Amphiarthroses): hyaline
cartilage and fibrocartilage
found on or between articulating
bones; limited movement or
slightly moveable
Examples: pubic symphysis,
joint between ribs and sternum,
epiphyseal plate, intervertebral
discs

Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses)

Pubic
Symphysis

Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses)

Costal
cartilage is
made of
hyaline
cartilage

Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses)

Intervertebral
Disc made of
fibrocartilage

Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses)

Epiphyse
al plate

3. Synovial (diarthroses): articulating bone ends are

separated by a joint cavity with synovial fluid; freely
movable joints; most numerous/complex; most in
appendicular skeleton

Characteristics:
1. Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage lines articulating
bones decreasing friction
2. Fibrous articular capsule: extension of periosteum,
encases articulating bones

Characteristics of synovial joints cont

3. Joint cavity: space between

articulating bones; allows for free
movement
4. Synovial membrane: secretes
synovial fluid which lubricates the joint
5. Reinforcing Ligaments: cords of
dense fibrous tissue that connect bone
to bone

Characteristics of synovial joints cont

Some Synovial Joints also

have:
6. Menisci: pads of
fibrocartilage located
between articulating ends of
bones
Menisci are in the
following joints: knee,
wrist, acromioclavicular,
sternoclavicular, and
temporomandibular joints

Which knee is
this- right or
left?
How do you
know?

Types of Synovial Joints

Ball and Socket: spherical head of one

bone fits into a round socket of the other.
Allow for multiaxial rotation- movement
on all axes!
Examples: shoulder and hip

Types of Synovial Joints

Hinge: cylindrical end of one bone fits

into a trough-shaped surface of another
bone. Uniaxial movement is on one
plane
Examples: elbow, knee, ankle, phalanges

Types of Synovial Joints

Condyloid (Ellipsoid): egg-shaped

articular surface of one bone fits into an
oval concavity of another. Biaxial
movement- side to side and back & forth

Examples: radio-carpal joints; metacarpalphalange joint atlanto-occipital joint

(knuckles)

Types of Synovial Joints

Condyloid (Ellipsoid): egg-shaped

articular surface of one bone fits into an
oval concavity of another. Biaxial
movement- side to side and back & forth

Examples: radio-carpal joints; metacarpalphalange joint atlanto-occipital joint

(knuckles)

Types of Synovial Joints

Saddle: both articular surfaces have

convex and concave areas, like a saddle.
Biaxial movement- side to side and back &
forth
Example: carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb

Types of Synovial Joints

Plane (Gliding): both articular surfaces

are flat. Nonaxial movement- only slipping
and gliding, no rotation around an axis.
Examples: intercarpal joints of wrist;
intertarsal joints of ankle; vertebrae

Types of Synovial Joints

Pivot: rounded end of one bone fits into a

sleeve or ring of bone. Uniaxial movementonly one direction
Examples: atlanto-axial joint (neck between
cervical vertebrae 1 & 2), proximal end
between ulna and radius

Give the
correct type
of joint for
each
location.

1.

6.

2.

5.

3.
4.

1. Pivot Joint
(between atlas
and axis)

Give the
correct type
of joint for
each
location.

2. Hinge Joint
(between ulna
and humerus
and between
tibia and
femur)

3. Saddle
Joint (between
thumb and
metacarpal)

6. Ball and
Socket Joint
(between
femur and
pelvis)
5.
Condyloi
d Joint
(between
radius
and
carpal
bones)

4. Plane
Joint
(between
tarsal
bones;
between
carpals)

Moveable (Synovial) Joints Charades!

Extra Credit!
Take a question that we havent
answered, research it and create a
small poster with info about that
question. Include in poster:
Words
Drawings
Sources Cited

Questions from Period 1

What are the most fragile bones? How
much pressure can bones take?
Can we live without certain bones? Can
you be born without bones? What
bones are the most important?
What happens if you dont have enough
calcium? How do bones become fragile?
What kinds of breaks can bones have?
Whats happening in your bones when
you have osteomalastia?

Questions from Period 6

Which bones are the most vital?

How does a prosthetic work?
How does bone-setting (reconnecting bones) work?
What kinds of diseases/disorders are there?
How does a bone marrow transplant happen? How do you lose bone
marrow? Why would you need a transplant and where would it go?
Can bones be weak? Why? What conditions are there?
Are there disorders where the bone overgrows?
Is it possible to recreate a bone? Or make it stronger? Can bones be
biologically engineered?
Why only 2 sets of teeth? How do adult teeth come in?
How often do bone cells regenerate? How often do bone cells die?
How could a teen still have baby teeth? Why is this?
What is the healing process for bones?
What are different ways you can break them?