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CRP Sas PLCC
CRP Sas PLCC
CRP Sas PLCC
By -:
Anuj Bhutani
Sr. Design Engineer (Engg-SS)
Corporate Engineering
Powergrid Corp. of India
Ltd.
1
1.
2.
3.
1.
RELIABILITY
2.
SELECTIVITY
3.
STABILITY
4.
SPEED
5.
SENSITIVITY
1. RELIABILITY:
THE PROTECTION SYSTEM PROVIDED REQUIRED TO BE HIGHLY
RELIABLE FOR MAXIMUM UTILIZATION OF SYSTEM. TODAYS
SYSTEMS ARE VERY HUGE AND IN SUCH A HUGE SYSTEM, THE
RISK OF OCCURRING OF FAULT CAN NOT BE IGNORED. THE
PROTECTION SYSTEM MUST OPERATE TO ISOLATE THE FAULT
RELIABLY IS UTMOST IMPORTANCE. ANY NON OPERATION MAY
LEAD TO CATASTROPHIC CONSEQUENCE FOR POWER SYSTEM
AND MAY LEAD TO MULTIPLE FAILURE. THUS PROTECTION
SYSTEM MUST BE RELIABLE.
2. SELECTIVITY:
THE PROTECTION IS GENERALLY ARRANGED IN ZONES WHICH
SHOULD COVER THE POWER SYSTEM COMPLETELY, LEAVING NO
PART UNPROTECTED. WHEN A FAULT OCCURS THE PROTECTION
IS REQUIRED TO SELECT AND TRIP ONLY THE NEAREST CIRCUIT
BREAKERS TO AFFECT MINIMUM POSSIBLE OUTAGE. THIS
PROPERTY OF SELECTIVITY IS ALSO CALLED DISCRIMINATION
AND IS ACHIEVED BY TWO GENERAL METHODS:
a.
b.
UNIT SYSTEM
3. STABILITY:
4. SPEED:
THE FUNCTION OF PROTECTION IS TO ISOLATE FAULTS FROM
THE POWER SYSTEM IN MINIMUM POSSIBLE TIME TO LIMIT THE
DAMAGE TO POWER SYSTEM EQUIPMENT THAT MAY BE
GENERATORS,
TRANSMISSION
LINES,
REACTORS,
TRANSFORMER, BUS BARS ETC. THE OBJECT IS TO SAFEGUARD
CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY BY REMOVING EACH DISTURBANCE
BEFORE IT LEADS TO WIDESPREAD AFFECT IN THE POWER
SYSTEM CAUSING MULTIPLE OUTAGES.
5. SENSITIVITY:
SENSITIVITY IS A TERM FREQUENTLY USED WHEN REFERRING TO
THE MINIMUM OPERATING QUANTITY THAT MAY BE CURRENT,
VOLTAGE OF A COMPLETE PROTECTION SYSTEM. THE
PROTECTION SYSTEM MUST BE ABLE TO SENSE THE FAULT IN
MINIMUM POSSIBLE VOLTAGE/CURRENT TO SUCCESSFULLY
IDENTIFY THE FAULT AND ISOLATE THE SAME.
10
EQUIPMENT TO BE PROTECTED
11
TRANSMISSION LINES
TRANSFORMERS
REACTORS
BUS BARS
CAPACITOR BANKS
ETC.
ELECTRICAL FAULTS IN
THE POWER SYSTEM
12
Transmission lines
Busbar
Transformer/ Generator
85%
12%
3%
Total
100%
13
80%
10%
5%
5%
FAULT TYPES
15
Transient faults
are common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85%
lightning are the most common reason
can also be caused by birds, falling trees, swinging lines
etc.
will disappear after a short dead interval
Persistent faults
can be caused by a broken conductor fallen down
can be a tree falling on a line
must be located and repaired before normal service
MEASURING PRINCIPLES
16
Overcurrent protection
Differential protection
Phase comparison
Directional- wave
protection
Distance protection
THE PRINCIPLE OF
DISTANCE PROTECTION
ZK=Uk/Ik
Uk
Uk=0
metallic fault
Zk
Z<
17
Ik
ZL=R+jX
Z<
Z<
Zsec=
18
VTsec
VTprim
CTprim
CTsec
Zprim
l
A
B
f1
Z<
C
f3
f2
Z<
Z<
Z< t
t3
t2
19
t1
FAST OPERATION: In most of the cases there is no intentional time delay except
few exceptions.
20
DIRECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION.
21
THIS
23
TRANSFORMER
24
25
26
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.Incipient faults
2.Internal faults
3.External fault
27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
28
Insulation Breakdown.
Phase to phase and Phase to Ground
Fault.
Reduced Cooling.
Over heating due to over excitation.
Oil contamination and leakage.
Aging of Insulation.
Turn to Turn Fault.
Overload Protection.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL
RESTRICTED
PROTECTION
DIRECTIONAL
DIRECTIONAL
BACK-UP
OVER
FLUXING PROTECTION
OVER
OTHER
29
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
33
34
35
REACTOR PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL
RESTRICTED
DIRECTIONAL
BACK
OTHER
36
PROTECTION
38
39
40
The protection scheme for a power system should cover the whole system
against all probable types of faults.
Back up protection such as distance relays, Over current etc. do sense faults
in Bus Bar zone fault in cleared only after time delay.
Unit protection i.e. Phase comparison relays P-40. RALZB can not sense the
faults in bus Zone.
Hence Bus Bar protection scheme is compulsorily provided on EHV substations beyond 132kV Level.
41
2.
A large proportion of Bus Bar faults result from human error rather than the
failure of switchgear components.
Protection Requirement:
1.
42
b.
43
REQUIREMENT OF INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMERS
44
45
46
Substation is said to be an
automated substation when the
control, protection, monitoring and
other Auxiliary equipments of a
substation can exchange information
among each other through
communication link and can receive or
send instructions on the basis of
predefined logics or through human
47 intervention.
48
49
50
Fault
Recording
Control
Panel
ABB
ABB
ABB
Station Level
ABB
Busbar Protection
ABB
=D04+R01
=D04+R01
Process
Level
Switchyard
Equip.
=D04+R01
ABB
=D04+R01
ON/OFF
=W2
-Q2
SEL
-Q0
LOCAL C ONTROL
SEL
11
43567821910
12
13
14
15
16
12345678-Q1
9113
12
14
15
160
c7824356111
915
10
11
12
13
14
16
=W1
TESTE
LAMPE
ON/OFF
METERING
RTU 200 IN 1 IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 5 IN 6 IN 7
ABB
OUVRIRFERMER
ABB
IN 8 OUT
ON/OFF
ESC
ABB
EXE
DISTANCE
LOC
ABB
ABB
ABB
-Q1
SEL
Event
Recording
ABB
1
38
SCADA
RTU
=D04+R01
=D04+R01
ABB
Bay Protection
=D04+R01
BMK
CB MB,
Isolator
MOM
Box
Local
Control
Extensive station
wide cabling
-Q2
-Q0
-Q9
-Q8
-Q1
51
BCU
Decentralised RTU
Mimic Board
RTU
Master RTU
Station HMI
Sub-RTU
Sub-RTU
Prot
Prot
Station HMI
Ctrl
Prot
GPS
Ctrl
Prot
Gateway
Ctrl
Prot
Process
Hardwired
Serial connection
52
Station
Bus Data
Flow
Process
Bus
Data
53
Flow
AS Explained in IEC
Present Practice in
POWERGRID
Present
Practice in
POWERGRID
Field
Field
Status
Status
value
value
Field
Field
Status
Status
value
value
CT/PT
CT/PT
Analogue Electrical
Signal
56
57
58
Lowest
59
Station HMI
Network Level
Station
Remote Control Center HMI
Level
Process
(CB, Isolator Local Operation)
Bay Level
Apparatus
Level
Lowest
Priority
Control level
Highest
Highest
AUTOMATED SUBSTATION
60
61
62
Software for
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
63
SAS Functionality
SAS
Hardware
SAS Software
1.
Main
SERVER
2.
HMI PC
3.
Disturbance
Analysis and
Engineering
workstation
Engineering tools,
Disturbance Analysis, SA
configuration
4.
Gateway
PC
OS, Gateway
Communication
64
65
66
67
68
69
At bay level, the IEDs shall provide all bay level functions
regarding control, monitoring and protection, inputs for status
indication and outputs for commands. The IEDs should be
directly connected to the switchgear without any need for
additional interposition or transducers.
70
71
72
73
M/s ABB
Automation Software
MicroSCADA
SYS600
SICAMPAS
PACiS
Relay Parameterization
and Cofiguration
PCM600
DIGSI
Micom S1 Studio
Disturbance Analyzing
Application
PCM600
SIGRA
WAVE Win
Main Server/HMI
Hardware
One Unit,
Redundant Industrial
grade PC
Separate Unit,
Redundant Industrial
grade PC
One Unit,
Redundant
Industrial grade PC
Communication
Infrastructure
Communication Protocol
IEC61850
IEC61850
IEC61850
Introduction to IEC61850
IEC 61850
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND
SYSTEMS INSUBSTATIONS
It defines the communication between
intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) in the
substation and the related system
requirements.
74
History-IEC61850
Multiple protocols exist for substation automation,
which include many proprietary protocols with
custom communication links. Interoperation of
devices from different vendors would be an
advantage to users of substation automation
devices. An IEC project group of about 60 members
from different countries worked in three IEC working
groups from 1995. They responded to all the
concerns and objectives and created IEC 61850.
75
Need of IEC61850
The industrys experiences have demonstrated the
need and the opportunity for developing standard
communication protocols, which would support
interoperability of IEDs from different manufacturers.
Interoperability in this case is the ability to operate on
the same network or communication path sharing
information and commands. Interoperability is a
common goal for electric utilities, equipment vendors
and standardization bodies.
76
Goal of IEC-61850
Interoperability
77
78
PLCC
This concept has resulted in the development of Power
Line carrier Communication where High Voltage and Extra
High Voltage Transmission lines themselves act as a
medium for sending Communication Signals apart from
Electric Power.
79
80
4.Balancing transformer
WAVE TRAP
Wave trap is an inductive device, which offers high
impedance To high frequency signals (all
communication signals after Modulation will be at radio
frequencies). Hence it will not allow Communication
signals towards substation equipment. Wavetrap
Offers negligible impedance to Power frequencies
hence Power Flow will be unaffected. Because of Wave
trap, even if the Line is earthed with line earth switch
(located behind Wavetrap) Communication will not be
affected.
82
CVT
Capacitor Voltage Transformer in a sub-station will be
used For protection as well as a coupling device in PlCC.
CVT offers high impedance to Power Frequencies.
Hence EHV power can not enter communication
equipment. As CVT offers low Impedance to High
frequencies, Communication signals will Pass through
CVT to Transmission line.
83
84
BT (Balancing Transformer)
Balancing transformer will be used to prevent
unbalancing of the line impedance whenever one line
gets opened or earthed.
85
DRAINAGE COIL
It is one of the three element protective device (earth
switch & L.A. being other two). this coil will be connected
to the point that connects CVT and LMU on one side &
the other side being earthed.
Dangerous High voltages Of the Power not blocked by
CVT will be earthed Through this drainage coil which
offers negligible impedance to the Power frequency.
86
87
TYPES OF COUPLINGS
88
89
90
THAN
K
YOU
91