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11 Magnetic Circuit
11 Magnetic Circuit
11 Magnetic Circuit
F = B l I newton
Where F = force ; B = magnetic flux density ; l =the length of
conductor and I = current in the conductor
B A
Where = magnetic flux ; B = magnetic flux density and A =
area of cross-section
B H
Where = magnetic field strength ; B = magnetic flux density
and = permeability of the medium
Permeability in free space
Relative Permeability ( r)
= ro = B/H
or
B = roH
H vs r
Mild steel
Cast iron
Relative
permeability
B vs H
mmf
H NI
Example 1
A coils of 200 turns is uniformly wound around a wooden ring
with a mean circumference of 600 mm and area of cross-section
of 500 mm2. If the current flowing into the coil is 4 A, Calculate
(a) the magnetic field strength , (b) flux density dan (c) total flux
turns
N = 200 turns
l = 600 x 10-3 m
A = 500 x 10-6 m2
I = 4A
(a)
(b)
(c)
Reluctance ( S )
I=and
Hl
weber
R=S
ampere / weber
where S
r o A
Example 2
A mild steel ring, having a cross-section area of 500 mm2 and a
mean circumference of 400 mm is wound uniformly by a coil
of 200 turns. Calculate(a) reluctance of the ring and (b) a
current required to produce a flux of 800 Wb in the ring.
(a)
800 10 6
B
1.6T
6
A 500 10
Dari graf r/B, pada B = 1.6;
r = 380
0.4
S
r o A 380 4 10 7 5 10 4
1.667 106 [ A / Wb]
turns
(b)
mmf
H S
6.7[ A]
N
200
and
1a1
S SA SB
For A:
ForB:
SB
2a 2
l1
l2
1a1 2a 2
area of cross-section = a1
mean length = l1
absolute permeability = 1
area of cross-section = a2
mean length = l2
absolute permeability = 2
B B
Example 3
A magnetic circuit comprises three parts in series, each of
uniform cross-section area(c.s.a). They are :
(a)A length of 80mm and c.s.a 50 mm2;
(b)A length of 60mm and c.s.a 90mm2;
(c)An airgap of length 0.5mm and c.s.a 150 mm2.
A coil of 4000 turns is wound on part (b), and the flux density
in the airgap is 0.3T. Assuming that all the flux passes through
the given circuit, and that the relative permeability r is 1300,
estimate the coil current to produce such a flux density.
Mmf = S = H l = N I
Material a
a
0.45 10 4 80 10 3
S a
44.1At
7
6
r o Aa 1300 4 10 50 10
Material b
b
0.45 10 4 60 10 3
S b
18.4 At
7
6
r o Ab 1300 4 10 90 10
airgap
Total mmf
and
c
0.45 10 4 0.5 10 3
S c
119 .3 At
7
6
r o Ac 1300 4 10 150 10
181.8
I
45.4 10 3 A 45.4mA
4000
total flux
Leakage factor
usable flux
Example 4
A magnetic circuit as in Figure is made
from a laminated steel. The breadth of
the steel core is 40 mm and the depth is
50 mm, 8% of it is an insulator
between the laminatings. The length
and the area of the airgap are 2 mm and
2500 mm2 respectively.
A coil is
wound 800 turns. If the leakage factor
is 1.2, calculate the current required to
magnetize the steel core in order to
produce flux of 0.0025 Wb across the
airgap.
2.5 10 3
Ba
1T
6
Aa 2500 10
Ba
1
Ha
796000[ AT / m]
7
o 4 10
T
3 10 3
BS
1.63T
AS 0.00184
From the B-H graph, at B=1.63T, H=4000AT/m
mmf in the steel core = Hl = 4000 x 0.6 = 2400 AT
Total mmf. = 1592 + 2400 = 3992 AT
NI = 3992
I = 3992/800 = 5 A
P
IL
IM
IN
E
Q
L - M - N = 0
In general:
= 0
Example 5
A magnetic circuit made of silicon steel is arranged as in the
Figure. The center limb has a cross-section area of 800mm2 and
each of the side limbs has a cross-sectional area of 500mm2.
Calculate the m.m.f required to produce a flux of 1mWb in the
center limb, assuming the magnetic leakage to be negligible.
340
mm
1mm
150
mm
340
mm
B A
1 10 3
B
1.25T
6
A 800 10
340
mm
m.m. f A S1 A B S 2 S a
1
340 10 3
S1
15915
r o A1 34000 4 10 7 500 10 6
150 10 3
S2
4388
7
6
34000 4 10 800 10
110 3
Sa
994718
7
6
4 10 800 10
1mm
150
mm
340
mm
m.m. f S1 2 S 2 S a
In the center limb , the flux is 1mWb which is equal to 2
Therefore =0.5mWb
Example 6
A U-shaped electromagnet shown in
Fig. is designed to lift a mass. The
material for the yoke has a relative
permeability of 2900. The yoke has a
uniform cross-sectional area of 4000
mm2 and a mean length of 600 mm.
Each of the air gaps is 0.1 mm long.
The number of turns of the coil (N) is
240. Assuming that the reluctance of
the keeper is negligible, calculate the
maximum mass in kg, which can be
lifted by the system if a current of 1.5 A
is passed through the coil. You may
neglect the fringing effect and flux
leakage; and assume that
Ba l a
2H a la 2
o
Ba 0.1 10 3
2
4 10 7
10 3
Ba
2
Ba
7
r o 2900 4 10
11.6
Total mmf;
6 10 3
1
Hl H a l a H i li
Ba 323.8Ba NI
2 11.6
NI
360
Ba
1.11 T
323.8 323.8
3922 N
7
o
4 10
2o
mg 3922
3922 3922
m
400 kg
g
9.81
Hysteresis loss
When we plot the mmf (H) versus the magnetic flux will produce a
curve so called Hysteresis loop
1. OAC when more H applied, B
increased until saturated. At this
point no increment of B when we
increase the H.
2. CD- when we reduce the H the B
also reduce but will not go to zero.
3. DE- a negative value of H has to
applied in order to reduce B to zero.
4. EF when applying more H in the
negative direction will increase B in
the reverse direction.
5. FGC- when reduce H will reduce B
but it will not go to zero. Then by
increasing positively the also
decrease and certain point it again
change the polarity to negative until
it reach C.
Eddy current
When a sinusoidal current enter
the coil, the flux also varies
sinusoidally according to I. The
induced current will flow in the
magnetic core. This current is
called eddy current. This
current introduce the eddy
current loss. The losses due to
hysteresis and eddy-core totally
called core loss. To reduce eddy
current we use laminated core
metal
insulator