How does the starch we saw in the

banana cells end up as glucose

available in the cells of the body?

Releasing energy from glucose.

Two Stages
Glycolysis- in cytoplasm
Citric Acid Cycle- in mitochondria

Have I given you the tools to Name the basic components of plant and
animal cells and their simple purpose?
Explain the pathway from starch in the
digestive system to glucose in cells?
Know the terms glycolysis and citric acid
cycle and where they happen in the cell?

Enzymes break glucose

down to provide energy for
cell function and growth.
Energy is contained within
the bonds of the molecule
and is released when the
bonds are broken.

The energy released from glucose is

repackaged into ATP (adenosine
triphosphate)
molecules which
is then used by
the cells.

Overview:
Glucose Breakdown

Stage 1: Glycolysis
Occurs in cytoplasm
Anaerobic
Net gain 2 molecules of ATP per
glucose molecule
1 x 6C glucose in, 2 x 3C pyruvate out

Stage 1:
Glycolysis

Stage 2: Citric Acid Cycle

Occurs in mitochondria
Aerobic
~36 molecules ATP per glucose molecule
(~18 molecules ATP per pyruvate
molecule)
Many small steps controlled by enzymes

Glycolysis + Citric Acid Cycle

(in presence of oxygen)
=
AEROBIC RESPIRATION

What if the isnt any

oxygen?

Glycolysis stills occurs (anaerobic)

Followed by FERMENTATION
(anaerobic)

Fermentation
Anaerobic
End products - Lactic acid (most animals)
- Alcohol and CO2 (most plants, yeast and
bacteria)
No extra ATP formed
C6H12O6 2 C3H6O3
C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

Fermentation in Food and

Beverage Industries

WINE!
Animals, plants, yeast,
bacteria working
together.

Do you understand?

Enzymes break down glucose

Energy is released when bonds are

broken

Energy repackaged into ATP

Glycolysis and fermentation are

anaerobic (2 ATP)

Citric Acid Cycle is aerobic (~36 ATP)