1

Informatics in Logistics
Management

Lecture 2. Integrated Logistics

Support

Lecturer:
Prof. Anatoly Sachenko

Lecture Overview
Definition and Importance
Scope of logistic support management
Standards
Integrated Logistics Support Elements
Adoption
Benefits and Value of ILS
Implementing an ILS Solution
Overview of ILS Process Requirements
System Engineering Process
TOC and CAIV
Logistics Support Analysis

Definition
Integrated logistics support (ILS)
is an integrated approach to the
management of logistic disciplines in the
military,
similar to commercial product support or
customer service organizations
Although originally developed for military
purposes, it is applied by the private sector as
well

Definition
Two popular definitions:
1. ILS is a management function that provides
planning, funding, and functioning controls which
help to assure that the system meets performance
requirements, is developed at a reasonable price, and
can be supported throughout its life cycle
2. ILS encompasses the unified management of the
technical logistics elements that plan and develop the
support requirements for a system. This can include
hardware, software, and the provisioning of training
and maintenance resources.

Definition
Integrated definition:
A disciplined, unified and iterative approach to the
management and technical activities necessary to:
(1) integrate support considerations into system and
equipment design;
(2) develop support requirements that are related
consistently to readiness objectives, to design, and to
each other;
(3) acquire the required support; and
(4) provide the required support during the operational
phase at minimum cost.

Definition
In

general, ILS plans and directs the identification

and development of logistics support and system
requirements for military systems, with the goal of
creating systems that last longer and require less
support.
ILS therefore, addresses these aspects of
supportability not only during acquisition, but also
throughout the operational life cycle of the system.
The impact of ILS is often measured in terms of
metrics such as Reliability, Availability,
Maintainability and Testability (RAMT), and
sometimes System Safety (RAMS).

Importance
In

the world of Aerospace & Defense programs,

Sustainment & Supportability have become a major
cost consideration within complex systems.
These two facets of the A&D product lifecycle are
now being carefully considered and, in some cases,
are being given more consideration than the initial
purchase price when making the acquisition decision.
In fact, the total lifecycle cost is quickly displacing
initial system or equipment cost as the criteria for
awarding contracts.

Importance
For

many of the worlds top A&D firms, the

solution to the Sustainability and Supportability
issue lies in Integrated Logistics Support (ILS)
By installing and applying ILS tools and
processes, A&D firms are able to significantly
lower sustainment costs, such that theyre able to
easily differentiate their products in competitive
situations, and win more profitable contracts
Read on and discover how ILS is reshaping the
way A&D companies are now managing
sustainment as part of the overall lifecycle

Scope of logistic support management

10

Definition

11

Scope of logistic support management

12

Standards
ILS

has been categorized by the United

Kingdom Ministry of Defense (UK MoD)
Through Life Support (TLS) Directorate into:
Reliability Engineering, Maintainability
Engineering and Maintenance (preventive,
predictive and corrective) Planning
Supply Support (Spare part) / acquire
resources
Support and Test Equipment
Manpower and Personnel

13

Standards
Training and Training Support
Technical Data / Publications
Computer Resources Support
Facilities
Packaging, Handling, Storage, and
Transportation
Design Interface

14

Standards
In

USA initial efforts to collect logistics

information in a standardized way were
accomplished by the US Army with the
issuance of MIL-STD-1388-2B
MIL-STD-1388 was eventually replaced by
MIL-PRF-49506 Logistics Management
Information
This change reflected a shift towards
identifying a projects performance outcomes,
rather than recording the detailed technique to
achieve them.

15

Standards in Europe
In

Europe, the Ministry of Defence of the

United Kingdom adapted the specification to
meet their own needs and issued DEF-STAN00-60
This was the first specification to formally
link the previously separate disciplines of
Provisioning, LSA and Technical
Publications under a common specification,
and also the first to attempt to formalize a
product lifecycle as part of an acquisition
process

16

Integrated Logistics Support Elements

All

elements of ILS are ideally developed in

coordination with the system engineering effort and
with each other
Tradeoffs may be required between elements in order
to acquire a system that is: affordable (lowest life
cycle cost), operable, supportable, sustainable,
transportable, and environmentally sound
The planning for ILS for a system may be contained
in an Integrated Logistics Support Plan (ILSP)
ILS planning activities coincide with development of
the system acquisition strategy, and the program will
be tailored accordingly

17

Integrated Logistics Support Elements

18

Adoption
Influence

on Design. ILS will provide important

means to identify (as early as possible) reliability
issues / problems and can initiate system or part
design improvements based on reliability,
maintainability, testability or system availability
analysis (for example by the proper use of detailed
functional and/or piece part FMECA techniques,
Event tree and Fault tree analysis / assessments,
Reliability Block Diagrams, Importance
measurements, Reliability centered maintenance
(RCM) / Maintenance steering Group 3 and Monte
Carlo techniques).

19

Adoption
Design of the Support Solution for minimum
cost. Ensuring that the Support Solution
considers and integrates the elements
considered by ILS. This is discussed fully
below.

20

Adoption
Initial Support Package. These tasks include
calculation of requirements for spare parts,
special tools, and documentation. Quantities
required for a specified initial period are
calculated, procured, and delivered to support
delivery, installation in some of the cases, and
operation of the equipment.

21

Overview of ILS Process Requirements

The

Logistics Support Analysis (LSA) process

provides the basis for the ILS program. Through the
LSA, the source data and maintenance plans are
generated and documented.
The LSA is designed both to examine the product
design and to recommend improvements in design
that can result in increased maintainability, reliability
and supportability of the equipment or system.

22

Overview of ILS Process Requirements

This

is accomplished by defining and recommending

changes in design that will result in:
1. Reduced time to perform maintenance
2. Greater reliability of components
3. Maintenance procedures requiring little or no
specialized support equipment or specialized training

23

System Engineering Process

24

TOC and CAIV

Total

Ownership Cost (TOC) and Cost As an

Independent Variable (CAIV). TOC is the sum
of all life cycle costs and the cost of the
supporting infrastructure that plans and
manages an asset. Over 50% of the TOC is
incurred during the sustainment of an asset.
One of the primary goals of logistics and the
systems engineering process is to provide a
system and support at a reasonable/right cost.

25

TOC and CAIV

As

much as 80% of the TOC is determined

during the initial acquisition. The application
of TOC procedures through tradeoffs can
greatly reduce the out-year costs while
maximizing operational effectiveness.
Program managers and personnel tasked with
acquiring Coast Guard assets shall make the
reduction of TOC one of the key components
of the acquisition.

26

TOC and CAIV

The

CAIV concept is based on setting aggressive

(low), realistic cost objectives and managing to
achieve them by conducting trade-off analyses that
consider cost, performance, schedule, and
supportability. The objectives must balance
operational needs with projected out-year resources.
The key principles are:
Set realistic but aggressive cost objectives (defined
as ranges) early in the acquisition.
Manage risk to achieve cost, schedule,
performance, and life cycle support objectives.

27

TOC and CAIV

Use metrics to track progress in setting and
achieving the cost objectives.
Make use of tools such as cost estimating,
requirements analysis, tradeoff risk analysis,
Pareto analysis (focus on biggest payback items),
and Value Engineering (identify reductions where
cost and performance are out of balance).
Motivate managers and industry and provide
incentives for meeting program objectives.

28

TOC and CAIV

29

Logistics Support Analysis

When

the optimum design is defined, other

ILS elements, such as training, technical
publication and provisioning, are planned,
guided and completed. This process ensures
that the maintenance protocol will meet the
program maintenance concept. It also ensures
that supportability requirements are
considered and incorporated into the design of
the equipment or system early in the product
design phase.

30

Logistics Support Analysis

The

ILS process typically begins with an LSA

Plan. This document gathers and defines
program requirements and objectives. This
plan would detail the activities to be
accomplished to ensure that these
requirements and objectives will be met. The
plan would include the scheduling of LSA
activities relative to program scheduled events,
such as the Preliminary and Critical Design
Reviews.

31

Logistics Support Analysis

The

LSA is not an isolated, internally-based

activity. Instead, it requires data/input from
subcontractors, vendors, engineering, and the
customer. At a high level, there are specific
areas that are included in LSA. These include:
1. Maintenance Planning
2. Supply Support
3. Support and Test Equipment/Equipment
Support
4. Manpower and Personnel

32

Logistics Support Analysis

5. Training and Training Support
6. Technical Data
7. Computer Resources Support
8. Facilities
9. Packaging, Handling, Storage and
Transportation
10. Design Interface

33

Maintenance planning

Maintenance planning begins early in the acquisition

process with development of the maintenance
concept. It is conducted to evolve and establish
requirements and tasks to be accomplished for
achieving, restoring, and maintaining the operational
capability for the life of the system. Maintenance
planning relies on Level Of Repair Analysis (LORA)
as a function of the system acquisition process. Its
planning will:
Define the actions and support necessary to ensure
that the system attains the specified system
readiness objectives with minimum Life Cycle Cost
(LCC).

34

Maintenance planning
Set up specific criteria for repair, including BuiltIn Test Equipment (BITE) requirements,
testability, reliability, and maintainability; support
equipment requirements; automatic test
equipment; and manpower skills and facility
requirements.
State specific maintenance tasks, to be performed
on the system.
Define actions and support required for fielding
and marketing the system.
Address warranty considerations.

35

Maintenance planning
The maintenance concept must ensure prudent use
of manpower and resources. When formulating the
maintenance concept, analysis of the proposed
work environment on the health and safety of
maintenance personnel must be considered.
Conduct a LORA repair analysis to optimize the
support system, in terms of LCC, readiness
objectives, design for discard, maintenance task
distribution, support equipment and ATE, and
manpower and personnel requirements.
Minimize the use of hazardous materials and the
generation of waste.

36

Supply support
Supply support encompasses all management
actions, procedures, and techniques used to
determine requirements to:
Acquire support items and spare parts.
Catalog the items.
Receive the items.
Store and warehouse the items.
Transfer the items to where they are
needed.

37

Supply support
Issue the items.
Dispose of secondary items.
Provide for initial support of the system.
Acquire, distribute, and replenish
inventory.

38

Support and test equipment

Support

and test equipment includes all

equipment, mobile and fixed, that is required
to perform the support functions, except that
equipment which is an integral part of the
system. Support equipment categories include:
Handling and Maintenance Equipment.
Tools (hand tools as well as power tools).
Metrology and measurement devices.
Calibration equipment.
Test equipment.

39

Support and test equipment

Automatic test equipment.
Support equipment for on- and offequipment maintenance.
Special inspection equipment and depot
maintenance plant equipment, which
includes all equipment and tools required to
assemble, disassemble, test, maintain, and
support the production and/or depot repair
of end items or components.

40

Manpower and personnel

Manpower

and personnel involves identification

and acquisition of personnel with skills and
grades required to operate and maintain a
system over its lifetime. Manpower requirements
are developed and personnel assignments are
made to meet support demands throughout the
life cycle of the system. Manpower requirements
are based on related ILS elements. Human
factors engineering (HFE) or behavioral
research is frequently applied to ensure a good
man-machine interface.

41

Manpower and personnel

Manpower requirements are predicated on
accomplishing the logistics support mission in
the most efficient and economical way. This
element includes such requirements during
planning and decision process:
Man-machine and environmental interface
Special skills
Human factors considerations during the
planning and decision process

42

Training and training devices

Training

and training devices support

encompasses the processes, procedures,
techniques, training devices, and equipment
used to train personnel to operate and support
a system. This element defines requirements
for the training of operating and support
personnel throughout the life cycle of the
system.

43

Training and training devices

It includes requirements for:

Competencies management
Factory training
Instructor and key personnel training
New equipment training team
Resident training
Sustainment training
User training

44

Technical data
Technical

Data and Technical Publications

consists of scientific or technical information
necessary to translate system requirements
into discrete engineering and logistic support
documentation. Technical data is used in the
development of repair manuals, maintenance
manuals, user manuals, and other documents
that are used to operate or support the system.

45

Technical data

Technical data includes, but may not be limited to:

Technical manuals
Technical and supply bulletins
Transportability guidance technical manuals
Maintenance expenditure limits and calibration
procedures
Repair parts and tools lists
Maintenance allocation charts
Corrective maintenance instructions
Preventive maintenance and Predictive
maintenance instructions

46

Technical data
Drawings/specifications/technical data packages
Software documentation
Provisioning documentation
Depot maintenance work requirements
Identification lists
Component lists
Product support data
Flight safety critical parts list for aircraft
Lifting and tie down pamphlet/references

47

Computer resources support

Computer

Resources Support includes the facilities,

hardware, software, documentation, manpower, and
personnel needed to operate and support computer
systems and the software within those systems.
Computer resources include both stand-alone and
embedded systems. This element is usually planned,
developed, implemented, and monitored by a
Computer Resources Working Group (CRWG) or
Computer Resources Integrated Product Team (CRIPT) that documents the approach and tracks
progress via a Computer Resources Life-Cycle
Management Plan (CRLCMP).

48

Computer resources support

Developers will need to ensure that planning
actions and strategies contained in the ILSP
and CRLCMP are complementary and that
computer resources support for the
operational software, and ATE software,
support software, is available where and when
needed.

49

Packaging, handling, storage, and

transportation (PHS&T)
PHS&T

includes resources and procedures to

ensure that all equipment and support items
are preserved, packaged, packed, marked,
handled, transported, and stored properly for
short- and long-term requirements. It includes
material-handling equipment and packaging,
handling and storage requirements, and prepositioning of material and parts.
System constraints (such as design
specifications, item configuration, and safety
precautions for hazardous material)

50

Packaging, handling, storage, and

transportation (PHS&T)
Special security requirements
Geographic and environmental restrictions
Special handling equipment and procedures
Impact on spare or repair parts storage
requirements
Emerging PHS&T technologies, methods,
or procedures and resource-intensive
PHS&T procedures
Environmental impacts and constraints

51

Facilities
The

Facilities logistics element is composed of

a variety of planning activities, all of which are
directed toward ensuring that all required
permanent or semi-permanent operating and
support facilities (for instance, training, field
and depot maintenance, storage, operational,
and testing) are available concurrently with
system fielding. Planning must be
comprehensive and include the need for new
construction as well as modifications to
existing facilities.

52

Facilities
It also includes studies to define and establish
impacts on life cycle cost, funding
requirements, facility locations and
improvements, space requirements,
environmental impacts, duration or frequency
of use, safety and health standards
requirements, and security restrictions. Also
included are any utility requirements, for both
fixed and mobile facilities, with emphasis on
limiting requirements of resources.

53

Design interface
Design

interface is the relationship of logisticsrelated design parameters of the system to its

projected or actual support resource
requirements. These design parameters are
expressed in operational terms rather than as
inherent values and specifically relate to
system requirements and support costs of the
system. Programs such as "design for
testability" and "design for discard" must be
considered during system design.

54

Design interface

The basic requirements:

Reliability
Maintainability
Standardization
Interoperability
Safety
Security Usability
Environmental and HAZMAT
Privacy, particularly for computer systems

55

Benefits and Value of ILS

This data, if developed in an integrated logistics

environment, will be used as part of the analysis and
design improvement process. It will then be leveraged
to produce the training, provisioning and technical
publications required to support the system or
equipment. Here are some specific examples of
realized benefits:
Initial Design Improvements
Provisioning Data
Technical Publications
Training and eLearning

56

Implementing an ILS Solution: Pitfalls of a

Point-Solution Approach
It

is clear that ILS offers tremendous benefits

to manufacturers, hence its adoption as a best
practice for the A&D industry. Since
compliance is increasingly being demanded by
customers, the question that needs to be
answered is: What are the most common
pitfalls in an ILS implementation, and how
can they be overcome?

57

Implementing an ILS Solution: Pitfalls of a

Point-Solution Approach
To meet ILS requirements, organizations
must deploy specialized and highly structured
solutions with such core elements:
a basic LSA sub-system
a provisioning sub-system
a technical publication development subsystem
a training/eLearning solution sub-system
an information publishing delivery system

58

Implementing an ILS Solution: Pitfalls of a

Point-Solution Approach
Even

when a point solution is architected and

deployed within an organization, it is often
incomplete and lacks the necessary
automation. Thus, organizations are left to
define the processes of:
1. Accessing and reusing design information in
the various sub-systems
2. Creating graphics and illustrations specific to
product configurations
3. Triggering documentation updates when
designs or configurations change

59

References
James

V. Jones. Integrated Logistics Support

Handbook. McGraw-Hill Logistics Series, 2006. - 528 p.
Blanchard B.S. System Engineering Management,
Prentice-Hall. 1998.
Blanchard B.S., Fabrycky W.J. Systems Engineering
and Analysis, 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall. 1998.
Ebeling C. An Introduction to Reliability and
Maintainability Engineering, McGraw-Hill. 1996.
Mark Willis. System Supportability Engineering
SMART Integrated Logistics Support. 14th
International Mirce Symposium, 1-3 December 2004,
Woodbury Park, Exeter, UK.

60

Handbooks
MIL-HDBK-217,

Reliability Prediction of Electronic

Equipment, U.S. Department of Defense.
MIL-HDBK-338B, Electronic Reliability Design
Handbook, U.S. Department of Defense.
MIL-HDBK-781A, Reliability Test Methods, Plans,
and Environments for Engineering Development,
Qualification, and Production, U.S. Department of
Defense.
NASA PRA - Probabilistic Risk Assessment
Handbook
NASA Fault Tree Assessment handbook

61

Standards
Army

Regulation 700-127 Integrated Logistics

Support, 27 September 2007
British Defence Standard 00-600 Integrated Logistics
Support for MOD Projects
Federal Standard 1037C in support of MIL-STD-188
MIL-STD-785, Reliability Program for Systems and
Equipment Development and Production, U.S.
Department of Defense.
MIL-STD 1388-1A Logistic Support Analysis (LSA)
MIL-STD 1388-2B Requirements for a Logistic
Support Analysis Record
MIL-STD-1629A, Procedures for Performing a
Failure Mode, Effects and criticality analysis