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QMF
QMF
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12
k = 0, 1
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1
Vk ( z ) {Vk ( z ) Vk ( z )}
2
1 {H k ( z ) X ( z ) H k ( z ) X ( z )}
2
13
2
1
{H 0 ( z )G0 ( z ) H1( z )G1( z )}X ( z )
2
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15
and
1
A( z ) {H 0 ( z )G0 ( z ) H1( z )G1( z )}
2
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G1 ( z )
H 0 ( z )
This yields
G0 ( z ) C ( z ) H1( z ), G1( z ) C ( z ) H 0 ( z ),
where C(z) is an arbitrary rational function
17
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19
)| d
|Y (e j )| d | X (e j )|
indicating that the output of the QMF bank
has the same magnitude response as that of
the input (scaled by d) but exhibits phase
distortion
The filter bank is said to be magnitude
preserving
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)} ( )
then
j
j
arg{Y (e )} arg{X (e )}
The filter bank is said to be phasepreserving but exhibits magnitude distortion
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2
22
2
2
y[n ]
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2
1
1 1
(z z ) 0
2
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24
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An Alias-Free Realization
A very simple alias-free 2-channel QMF bank
is obtained when
H1( z ) H 0 ( z )
The above condition, in the case of a real
coefficient filter, implies
j
j ( )
| H1(e )| | H 0 (e
)|
indicating that if H 0 (z ) is a lowpass filter,
then H1(z ) is a highpass filter, and vice versa
25
Copyright S. K.
An Alias-Free Realization
The relation | H1(e j )| | H 0 (e j ( ) )|
j
|
H
(
e
)| is a mirror-image
indicates that 1
j
|
H
(
e
)| with respect to /2, the
of 0
quadrature frequency
This has given rise to the name quadraturemirror filter bank
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An Alias-Free Realization
Substituting H1( z ) H 0 ( zin)
G0 ( z ) C ( z ) H1( z ), G1( z ) C ( z ) H 0 ( z ),
with C(z) = 1 we get
H 0 (z )
Copyright S. K.
An Alias-Free Realization
Moreover, if H 0 (z ) is a lowpass filter, then
G0 (z ) is also a lowpass filter and G1(z ) is a
highpass filter
The distortion function in this case reduces
to
T ( z ) 1 {H 02 ( z ) H12 ( z )} 1 {H 02 ( z ) H 02 ( z )}
2
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Copyright S. K.
An Alias-Free Realization
A computationally efficient realization of
the above QMF bank is obtained by
realizing the analysis and synthesis filters in
polyphase form
Let the 2-band Type 1 polyphase
representation of H 0 (z ) be given by
2
1
2
H 0 ( z ) E0 ( z ) z E1( z )
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Copyright S. K.
An Alias-Free Realization
Then from the relation H1( z ) H 0 ( z ) it
follows that
2
1
2
H1( z ) E0 ( z ) z E1( z )
Combining the last two equations in a
matrix form we get
2
H
(
z
)
E
(
z
)
0 1 1
0
H 0 ( z ) 1 1 z 1E ( z 2 )
1
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Copyright S. K.
An Alias-Free Realization
Likewise, the synthesis filters can be
expressed in a matrix form as
1
2
2 1 1
G0 ( z ) G1( z ) z E1( z ) E0 ( z ) 1 1
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An Alias-Free Realization
Making use of the cascade equivalences, the
above structure can be further simplified as
shown below
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Copyright S. K.
An Alias-Free Realization
Substituting the polyphase representations
of the analysis filters we arrive at the
expression for the distortion function T(z) in
terms of the polyphase components as
1
T ( z ) 2 z E0 ( z ) E1( z )
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An Alias-Free Realization
1
Example - Let H 0 ( z ) 1 z
Its polyphase components are
2
2
E0 ( z ) 1, E1( z ) 1
Hence
2
1
2
1
H1( z ) H 0 ( z ) E0 ( z ) z E1( z ) 1 z
Likewise
1
2
2
1
G0 ( z ) z E1( z ) E0 ( z ) 1 z
1
G1( z ) z E1( z ) E0 ( z ) 1 z
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An Alias-Free Realization
The distortion transfer function for this
realization is thus given by
1
T ( z ) 2 z E0 ( z ) E1( z ) 2 z
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37
N
/
2
In the above
is
the
amplitude
H 0 (e ) e
H 0 ()
function of
~
H 0 ()
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40
{| H 0 (e j ) |2 | H1 (e j ) |2 }
2
It follows from the above that the FIR 2channel QMF bank will be of perfect
reconstruction type if
| H 0 (e j ) |2 | H1 (e j ) |2 1
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| H 0 (e )| 0
| H 0 (e )then
|1
stopband,
is a very good highpass
H1 ( z ) with the
filter with its passband coinciding
stopband of
, and vice-versa
H0 ( z)
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43
| H 0 (e j ) |2 | H1(e j ) |2 1
is satisfied for all values of
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44
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1 (1 ) 2
where
and
H (e
j 2
) d
2 1 H 0 (e
and 0 <
0 < 1, and
j 2
2
2
) d
>0
for some small
) H1(e
s
2
45
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2 2
/ 2
1 H
0
2
j
(e )
H1
2
2
(e )
d
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Gain,dB
H (z)
H (z)
20
40
60
48
80
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
49
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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51
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G0 ( z ) H1 ( z ), G1 ( z ) H 0 ( z )
and the relation
, the distortion
H ( z ) H 0 ( z )
function T(z) is given 1by
1
) 2 zfunction,
E0 ( z then
) E1 (its
z magnitude
)
If T(z) isTan( zallpass
response is a constant, and as a result its
corresponding QMF bank has no magnitude
distortion
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H1 ( z ) 1 A 0 ( z 2 ) z 1A 1 ( z 2 )
2
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H
(
z
)
A
(
z
0 1 1 1
0
H 0 ( z ) 2 1 1 z 1A ( z 2 )
1
The corresponding synthesis filters in
matrix form are given by
1
1
1
2
2
G0 ( z ) G1( z ) 2 z A 1( z ) A 0 ( z ) 1 1
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2
1
[ A 0( z 2 ) z 1A 1( z 2 )] H1 ( z )
2
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H 0 (azsymmetric
) H 0 ( z ) numerator
H 0 ( z ) H 0 ( z ) 1
and has
P0 (z )
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H 0 ( z ) 1 A 0 ( z 2 ) z 1A 1 ( z 2 )
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Gain,dB
61
20
40
60
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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1
0.5
0
0.5
1
62
0
RealPart
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z 2 0.7149039978
1 0.7149039978 z 2
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