Cell organization in animal

By: Muhammad Zikri Aiman b. Zulkifli

Teacher: Puan Che Ratni
Class:4 Inisiatif
Year:2009
Animal cell
Introduction

The cell is the functional basic unit of life. It was discovered by Robert
Hooke and is the functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the
smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the
building block of life. Some organisms, such as most bacteria, are
unicellular (consist of a single cell). Other organisms, such as humans, are
multicellular. (Humans have about 100 trillion or 1014 cells; a typical cell
size is 10 µm; a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram. The largest cells are about
135 µm in the anterior horn in the spinal cord while granule cells in the
cerebellum, the smallest, can be some 4 µm and the longest cell can reach
from the toe to the lower brain stem (Pseudounipolar cells). The largest
known cells are unfertilised ostrich egg cells which weigh 3.3 pounds.
In 1835, before the final cell theory was developed, Jan Evangelista
Purkyně observed small "granules" while looking at the plant tissue through
a microscope. The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob
Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of
one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital
functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the
hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for
transmitting information to the next generation of cells.
The word cell comes from the Latin cellular, meaning, a small room. The
descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by
Robert Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork
cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in.
Drawing of the structure of cork as it Cells in culture, stained for
appeared under the microscope to keratin (red) and DNA
Robert Hooke from Micrographia which (green)
is the origin of the word "cell" being used
to describe the smallest unit of a living
organism
 Problem statement

What are the structure of cell

organization in animals?

Objective

To study the structure of cell

organization in animals.
Apparatus/material

Biology Form Four textbook and

reference book, internet and Microsoft
Power Point software.

Technique

Find Information about the structure of

cell organization from textbook, reference
book and internet. Then, the information
is presented in Microsoft Power Point.
 Procedure

1. Information about the structure of cell

organisation is find from textbook,
reference book and internet.
2. The information gathered is presented in
Microsoft PowerPoint.
Content

Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organisms
 Cell
Cell is a basic unit of living things
Cellular components of animal cells:
:
Organelles Function
Plasma Separates the contents of a cell from its
membrane external environment.
Regulates the movement of substances in
and out of cell.

Centrioles Form spindle fibres during cell division in

animal cell.

Cytoplasm Acts as a medium where biochemical

(region between reactions and most living processes occur
nucleus and within the cell.
plasma
membrane)
Nucleus Control all cellular activities.
Contains genetic information (DNA) that
determine the characteristics of a cell.
e.g: Ribosome need genetic information
from the nucleus to synthesized the
proteins.

Mitochondria Sites of cellular respiration.

Energy is generated/released in form of
ATP which can be used readily by cells.
Provide energy.

Ribosome Sites of protein synthesis.

Endoplasmic Rough ER: Transports proteins made
reticulum by the ribosome in the cell.
Smooth ER: synthesized lipids and
detoxification of drugs and metabolic
products.

Golgi Apparatus Processing, packaging and transport

centre of carbohydrates, proteins and
glycoprotein.

Lysosomes Digestive compartments in cell.

Hydrolytic enzymes-digest or break
down complex organic molecule
 Tissue

Tissues are group of cells with a common structure

and function.
Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate
between cells and a complete organism. Hence, a
tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily
identical, but from the same origin, that together
carry out a specific function.
Four major types of tissues in animals:
Nerve tissues
Epithelial tissues

Animal tissues

Connective tissues Muscle tissues

 Epithelial tissue
Consist of one or more layers of cells.
The cells of an epithelium are tightly
interconnected with little space between them.
The structure of epithelial tissue is adapted to its
function such as protection, secretion and
absorption.
The epithelial tissue at the surface
of the skin and linings of mouth and
oesophagus.

The epithelial tissue at the lining of

body cavities, heart, blood vessels
and lungs.

The epithelial tissue at the lining of

small intestine.

The epithelial tissue at the lining of

glands, ducts and kidney tubules.

The epithelial tissue at the lining of

the trachea.
 Muscle tissue
Muscle is most abundant tissue in most animals.
Muscle tissues are composed of long cells called
muscle fibres.
Types of muscle tissues:

Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
 Nerve tissue

Nerve tissue is composed of neurons or nerve cell.

Each neuron consist of a cell body and nerve
fibres called dendrites and axons.
Function of nerve tissue:
Transmit signal called nerve impulses over long
distances.
Nerve tissues control and coordinate activities of the
body.
Connective tissue
Consist of various types of cells and fibres
separated by an extracellular matrix.
Examples of connective tissues and their
functions:

Connective tissues Functions

Cartilage tissue Form tendons and ligaments.
Tendon: attach muscle to bones.
Ligaments: attach bones to bones.
Cartilage is strong and flexible
connective tissue.
It also provide support to the nose,
ears, covers the end of bones at joints
and form disc between vertebrae.
Bones Bones provide protection to organs in
the body and support the body.

Blood Blood regulating, transporting and

protecting function.
Red blood cell: transport oxygen.
White blood cell: fighting infection.
Platelets: blood clotting.

lymph Consist of mostly of fluid which leaks

out of blood capillaries.

Fat cells/adipose tissue Stores energy and insulate the body.

 Organ

Organ made up of two or more types of

tissues working together to perform a
particular function.
Examples of organs:
Heart
Skin
Lungs
Kidneys
Eyes
Ears
Figure 1. Cells and tissues that comprise
the stomach. Image from Purves et al.,
Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition,
by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com)
and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com),
used with permission.
 Ear Brain

Eye
Heart

Stomach
Skin
 System
A system consist of several organs that cooperate
to carry a living process.
There are 11 major systems in humans such as
nervous system, skeletal system, circulatory
system, digestive system, respiratory system,
excretory system, reproductive systems, muscular
system, integumentary system, endocrine system
and lymphatic system.
All systems combine to form a multicellular
organisms.
 Skeletal Nervous Endocrine
system system system

Circulatory
Muscular system
system

Reproductive
systems

Lymphatic
system Excretory
Digestive
Respiratory system
system
system
 Closing/conclusion

The Structure of cell organisation in animals are:

Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organisms

Plants are simpler organisms than animals, having
three organ systems and fewer organs than do
vertebrate animals. Organs are composed of
tissues, which are in turn composed of cells.
Plants have three tissue types: ground, dermal,
and vascular. Animals have four: epithelial,
connective, muscle, and bone.
Plant cell
 Acknowledgment

Thank you to Puan Che Ratni, my biology teacher

that guiding me on how to make the presentation.
I also want to thank to my family that support me
to complete this presentation.
Other than that, I also want to thank you to my
friends that help me to find information about cell
organization in animals.
 Reference

Textbook KBSM Biology Form 4 by Gan Wan Yeat,

Manoharan a/l Subramaniam and Azmah Bt
Rajion.
Success Biology SPM by Gan Wan Yeat.
Bio-Score Integrated Curriculum Form 4 by Bio-
Score Panel.
Website:
 http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIO
BK/BioBookAnimalTS.html
 http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIO
BK/BioBookCELL2.html
 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?ob
jID=AP11604
 http://www.innerbody.com/image/musc01.html
 http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPa
ges/A/AnimalTissues.html
 http://www.scribd.com/doc/12614691/21-Cell-Orga
nization
 http://www.geocities.com/dennishhong/webquest.ht
m
 http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/webpict
ures/Human%20Anatomy.jpg

 http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_1
9/146.gif