WILDLIFE PROTECTION

Global Framework

CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN

ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND
FLORA(CITES)
Objectives: to protect certain endangered species from over-exploitation
by means of a system of import-export permits
Adopted in 1973 in Washington D.C and entered into force in1975
In its article (ii),it categorises species in appendices with:
Appendix (I): being composed of species threatened with extinction &
may be affected by trade
Export permits may only be granted in exceptional circumstances subject
to strict requirements
Trade for primary commercial purposes not allowed
Eg. Red panda,western gorilla,leopards,jaguar,cheetah,rhinocerros

CITES CONTINUED.......
Appendix (ii): includes species not necessarily threatened with
extinction,but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid
utilization incompatible with their survival
Eg; great white shark,american black bear,green iguana,Hartmann's
mountain zebra etc.

APPENDIX (II) SPECIES CITES......

Great white shark in
Pacific Coast

American black bear

Green iguana of
Amazon forest

APPENDIX (III) CITES....

Include about 170 species requiring protection in one State only after one
member country has asked other CITES parties for assistance in
controlling trade in a species
These species are not necessarily threatened with extinction globally
In all member countries,trade in these species is only permitted with an
appropriate export permit and a certificate of origin fromthe state of the
member country who has listed the species
Examples: two-toed sloth(listed by Costa Rica)
African civet (listed by Botswana)
Alligator snapping turtle(listed by U.S.A)

APPENDIX (III) CITES CONT...

Two toed sloth

African civet

Alligator snapping t.t

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
FOR REGULATION OF WHALING
A global body charged with conservation of whales and management of
whaling
Signed in December 1946 in Washington by 15 nations
The convention includes a legally binding schedule which among other things
sets out catch limits for commercial and aboriginal subsistence whaling
Objectives: protection of all whale species from overhunting
Establishemnt of a system of international regulation for whale
fisheries to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks
Safeguarding for future generations the great natural resources
represented by whale stocks

CONTINUED.....
Establishes the INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSIONa global
body charged with conservation of whales and management of whaling
All the members of IWC are signatories to the ICRW
As of 2014,membership of ICRW consisted of 89 States
Initial signatories were
Argentina,Australia,Brazil,Canada,Chile,Denmark,France,the
Netherlamnds,New Zealand,Norway,Peru,South Africa,the Soviet Union,UK
and US

Killer whale

MEMBER STATES OF THE CONVENTION

All member states shown in blue

CONVENTION ON CONSERVATION OF
MIGRATORY SPECIES OF WILD ANIMALS
Adopted at Bonn,WestGermany in 1979
Requires cooperation among "range states" hosts to migratory species
regularly crossing international boundaries
Appendix (I)- consist of species threatened with extinction
states must conserve and restore their habitats; prevent ,remove or minimize
impediments to their migration,prevent,reduce and control factors
endangering them
Appendix (ii) species:migratory species that need international cooperation
Range states undertake to conclude agreements to maintain or restore
concerned species in an unfavourableconservation status
In 1999,the conference adopted strategic plan for 2000-2005 whose

BONN CONVENTION
CONTINUED....
Objectives included:
Prioritizing conservation actions for migratory species inter alia by
integrating consideration for migratory species in government policies
Promoting accession of targeted countries to the convention
Facilitating and improving implementation to the convention by
mobilizing financial resources,rationalizing institutional arrangements and
strengthening linkages with other international biodiversity arrangements
Nb: range state- any nation that exercises jurisdiction over any part of a
range which a particular species inhabits,crosses or overflies at any time
on its normal migration route

BONN CONV. CONT...

Examples of species:
Appendix (I): japanese night heron,pallas sea eagle,cock-tailed tyrant
Appendix (ii): south american sea lion,west african manatee,saiga
antellope

APPENDIX (I) ANIMALS BONN

CONV.
Japanese night heron

Pallas sea eagle

Cock tailed tyrant

APPENDIX (II) SPECIES BONN

CONV.
South American sea
lion

West African
manatee

Saiga antellope

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
FOR PROTECTION OF BIRDS
Objectives: to protect birds in wild state
Key provision:
Protection to be given to all birds during the breeding season,to migrants
during their flight and to endangered species throughout the year(article 2)
The taking of eggs,shells and young birds should be prohibited(art.4)
Certain methods of hunting birds to be prohibited ie.snares,nets,poisoned
bait,and use of motor boats
A species found to be a pest in a region may be exempted from
protection(art.6)
Exemptions may also be in the interest of SCIENCE AND EDUCATION(ART.7)

BIRD CONV CONT...

Each party to draw up a list of birds which may be lawfully taken or killed
in compliance with this convention(art.8)
Parties to take measures to prevent destruction of birds by water
pollution,electric cables,insecticides and poisons and to educate children
and the public in the need for protection of birds(art 10)
Parties to establish reserves for breeding birds(art.11)
Date of adoption :1950
Place of adoption: Paris
Date of entry into force 17.01.1963

MEMBER STATES OF BIRD

CONVENTION
Austria Belgium
Bulgaria France
Greece Iceland
Luxembourg Monaco
Netherlands Portugal
Serbia Spain
Sweeden Switzerland
Turkey sept.12.1967

AGREEMENT ON CONSERVATION
OF ALBATROSSES AND PETRELS
Albatross and petrels are web footed sea birds which are tube-nosed
Objectives: to achieve and maintain a favourable conservation statuses
for albatrosses and petrels
Provisions : parties are required to conserve and where feasible and if
appropriate restore those habitats which are of importaance to
albatrosses and petrels
Eliminate or control non-native species which are detrimental to
albatrosses and petrels
Develop and implement measures to prevent,remove and minimize the
adverse effects of the activities that may influence the conservation
statuses of albatrosses and petrels

CONTINUED...
Initiate and support research into effective conservation of albatrosses
and petrels
Parties are to prohibit deliberate taking and harmful interference with
albatrosses and petrels ,their eggs or their breeding places(article iii para
2)
Was developed under the auspices of conservation of migratory species
of wild animals
place of adoption- Canberra

CONTINUED...
Member states as at 2005
Argentina Australia
Brazil Chile
Ecuador France
New Zealand Norway
Peru South Africa
Spain U.K
Uruguay
Date of adoption: 19.06.2001

Image of albatrosses

EMERGING TRENDS IN GLOBAL

WILDLIFE PROTECTION
Nuclear leakage in Japan latest in 2011
In 2011,there was a nuclear leakage in Fukushima Diaichi nuclear plant in Japan
which was triggered by massive earth quakes that occurred in the nation which
was immediately followed by powerful tsunamis.The overall effet was the failure
of the coolants of nuclear reactors in Diaichi nuclear plant resulting into its
explossion and nuclear leakage into the environment.
A study on barn swallows by scientist in Japan published in the journal of
ornithology showed that the birds were affected by their absorption of radioactive
material from the environment hence resulting into smaller brains and lower
reproductive capacity with faded feathers
The monkeys living near the Fukushima nuclear plant also had lower blood cell
count than their cousins living further away possibly because of nuclear exposure

CONCLUSION
The global framework for wildlife protection has an overally robust
protection strategies and programmes.
However it takes political will and a sence of responsibility among various
countries to ratify such strategies and heed to their demands for the
better protection of our wildlife
These strategies however has a weakness in that they are not dynamic to
the changing threats to global wildlife.Nuclear accidents and procedures
of protection of global wildlife against the same remains a big unsolved
issue under this point.

END:THANK YOU!