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First Law Example Problems
First Law Example Problems
First Law Example Problems
Process 2 3:
Process 3 1:
(a)
2
Notes:
For 1 - 2: Since U12 = 0, Q12 = W12
1
V
Example Problems
(b)
U cycle U12 U 23 U 31
0 U 23 - 3549 0
U 23 3549 J
The work in the process 2 3 is given by,
W12 pdV
V2
V1
V2 dV
constant
dV
p1V1
1.6 x105 ln 0.2 /1.6 332.7 kJ
V1 V
V
Example Problems
Summary in kJ, note that U for the cycle = 0.
U12 = 0
W12 = -332.7
Q12 = -332.7
U23 = 3549
W23 = 1120
Q23 = 4669
U31 = -3549
W31 = 0
Q31 = -3549
PVn = constant = A
The initial pressure is 3 bars, the initial volume is 0.1m3
and the final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the work for the process in kJ if
(a) n = 1.5, (b) n = 1.0 and (c) n = 0.
pdV
A
Vn
V2
V21 n V11 n
dV
W A n A
n
V
V1
n
n
The constant A can be evaluated at either end state p2V2 p1V1 A
V2
n
1
n
V
V1
This expression is valid for all n except n =1.
V1
0.1
p2 p1 3bar
V
0.2
1.5
1.06bar
3
1
1.5
1
bar
10
N
/
m
17.6kJ
(b) For n = 1 we need to consider this special case, pV A
V2
W p1V1 ln
V1
W 20.79kJ
W pdV p V2 V1
W 30kJ
Example Problems
A gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a movable
piston. Under conditions that the walls are
Adiabatic, a quasi-static increase in volume
results in a decrease in pressure according to,
PA, VA
PV 5 / 3 constant for Q = 0.
WAB
105
P (Pa)
105/32
C
10-3
V (m3)
8 x 10-3
Example Problems
U = Q W
U = W
VA
V
5/3
dV
dP
WAB P V dV= 3, where
P
(
V
)
(
V
V
)
A
A
P V V
V
VA
2
dV
linearABprocess
VB
U U B U A WAB PA
VB
VA
2 / 3
5/3
2 / 3
3
= 25 100 112.5 J
2
Following
integration,
ADB
PdV P V
A
VA 700 J
Example Problems
Similarly for the process ACB: we find that WACB = -21.9 J and QACB = -90.6 J
For the process AB: W can also calculated from the area:
Note that while we can calculate QADB and QACB , we can not calculate QAD , QDB , QAC
and QCB , separately for we do not know (UD UA) or (UC UA).
Given the standard enthalpies of formation, H f ,find the enthalpy for the
following reaction at 298K and 1 atmosphere pressure.
o
H of kJ / mol
MnSiO3
-246
MnO
-384
SiO2
-910
products
H of
H of
reac tan ts
Given the specific heat functionality find the heat of reaction at 800K.
Heat capacity Constants (J/mol-K)
a
c x 10-5
b x 103
MnSiO3
110 16.2
-25.8
MnO
46.0 8.2
-3.7
SiO2
46.934.2
-11.3
298-1500
298-900
298-1000
First bring each of the components in the reaction from 298K to 800K
dH C p dT
800
298
dH
800
298
C p dT
H (800) H (298)
800
298
H (800) H
800
H (800) H
800
o
f
o
f
298
298
C p dT
C p dT
a bT cT dT
2
H (800) H
o
f
800
298
a bT cT dT
b 2 c
H of aT
T
2
T
800
298
a =-17.1
b = 26.2 x 10-3
c = 10.8 x 105
26.2 x 10-3
2
2
H (800) H 17.1 800 298
800
298
o
f
1
1
10.8 x 10
800
298
P, v, T surface projected
on the P-T plane.
Phase diagram
Saturated liquid
Saturated vapor
x
1-x
f
vf
vg
Lever rule:
x(vg v) (1 x)(v v f )
v (1 x)v f xvg rule of mixtures
x
v vf
vg v f
vg-v
v-vf
vf
vg
mvap
mliq mvap
u = U/unit mass(J/kg)
h = H/unit mass
(J/kg)
u = Q/mass W/mass
h = u + pv
The simple rule of mixtures can always be used for any of the specific
quantities (v, u, h):
h = (1-x)hf + xhg
u = (1-x)uf + xug
v = (1-x)vf + xvg
h, u, v are the specific enthalpy, internal energy, and volume in the two-phase
fluid/gas region.
Example
Water in a piston cylinder assembly undergoes two processes from an initial state
where the pressure is 106 Pa and the temperature is 400 C.
Process 1-2:
The water is cooled as it compressed at constant pressure to the
saturated vapor state at 106 Pa.
Process 2-3: The water is cooled at constant volume to 150 C.
Sketch the processes on p-v and T-v diagrams.
For the overall process determine the work and heat transfer in kJ/kg.
Water
1
10
400 C
179.9 C
4.758
v (m3/kg)
150 C
T (C)
P (105 Pa)
Boundary
106 Pa
400 C
179.9 C 2
4.758 x 105 Pa
150 C
3
v (m3/kg)
The only work done in this process is the constant pressure compression,
process 1-2, since process 2-3 is constant volume.
V2
W pdV p V2 V1
V1
W
V V
p 2 1 p v2 v1
m
m m
Since for state 1 we know P and T, we can get the specific volume from a data Table,
Q U W
W
u3 u1
m
m
m
m
P (105 Pa)
u1 is the specific internal energy in state 1, which we can get also get
from a Table as 2957.3 kJ/kg.
To get u3 note that we are in a 2-phase fluid/vapor region, so u3 will be a linear
combination of uf and ug determined from the quantity of fluid and vapor present
at v3 = v2. The mass fraction of vapor present or quality is given by,
Table
2
10
400 C
179.9 C
4.758
v (m3/kg)
vf
v3 v
g
150 C
v3 v f
0.494
3
vg v f 0.3928 1.0905 x10
Then using the rule of mixtures we can evaluate
u3.
u3 1 x u f xu g 1583.9 kJ/kg
631.68
2559.5
Finally,
Q U W
W
H2O
The water is in a closed system and the total volume and mass are constant.
P (bar)
v V
V
0.2m3
m
5.21kg
v 0.03842m3 / kg
P2 =?
5.0
P1
v2 v1
P2 Psat @ v2 51.45bar linearly extrapolated between
vf1
v v
g1
50 and 60 bar.