Perception

Your truth and the truth

What is Perception?

 Perception is a process by
which individuals organize
and
interprets
their
sensory
impressions
in
order to give meaning to
their environment.

Factors That Influence

Perception
Factors in the
perceiver:
1.Attitude
2. Motives
3. Interests
4.Expectations
5Experiences

Factors in the
situation
1. Time
2. Work Setting
3. Social Setting

Factors in the target

1. Novelty
2. Motion
3. Sounds
4. Size
5.Background

Percepti
on

Attribution Theory

Attribution Theory
Tries to explain the ways in which
we judge people differently,
depending on the meaning we
attribute to a given behavior
suggests
that
we
observe
individual behavior, we attempt
to determine
whether it was
internally or externally caused.

Attribution Theory
Internally

Externally

External
Internal
Behaviors
are Behavior is
those
we what we
believe to be imagine the
under
the situation forced
personal control the individual
of individual.
to do.

Three Determining Factors

Distinctiveness- refers to whether an
individual displays different behaviors in
different situation.
Consensus- refers to general responds to
the same situation in the same way.
Consistency- refers to the action
repeatedly overtime.

Attribution Theory

Common Shortcuts in Judging

Others

Selective
Perception

Any
characteristics
that make a person,
an object, or an
event or stand out
will
increase
the
probability to stand
out will increase the
probability that we
will perceive.

Selective Perception
Example:
Dearborn and Simon asked 23 businessman
executives( 6 sales, 5 in production, 4 in
accounting, 8 in miscellaneous functions) to read
a comprehensive case describing the organization
and activities of a steel company. Each of them
asked the important problem in the case. 83% of
sales executives rated sales important only 29%
of the others did so.

Halo
effects

When we drew a
general impressions
about an individual
on the basis of a
single characteristics,
such
as
an
intelligence,
sociability
or
appearance a halo
effect is operating.

Halo Effect
Example:
Subjects were given a list of traits such as
intelligence, skillful, practical, industrious,
determined, and warm and asked to evaluate the
person whom these traits applied. Subjects judge
the person to be wise, humorous, popular and
imaginative. When the same list was modified to
include cold instead of warm.

Contrast
Perception

In contrast perception
we
dont
evaluate
person in isolation. Our
reaction to a person is
heavily influenced by
other person we have
recently encountered.

Contrast Effect
Example:
In series of job interviews, for instance,
interviewers can make distortions in any given
candidates evaluation as a result of his/her place
in the interview schedule.

Stereotypi
ng

When
we
judge
someone on the basis of
our perception of the
group to which he or
she belongs, we are
using
the
shortcuts
called stereotyping.
We
rely
on
generalization
to
simplify this complex
world.

Stereotyping
Example
Jin, an Asian-American rapper, performs at the Garden of
Eden in Hollywood, hoping for a hit song in an industry
that lacks Asian-American pop stars.
According to Asian-American artists and scholars, racial
stereotyping inaccurately generalizes that Asian
Americans are studious geeks and the people who look
Asian must be foreigners and not U.S citizens . This
stereotyping doesnt fit the cool image and born-in-theU.S.A authenticity required for musicians such as Jin who
aspire to become American pop stars.

Specific Application of
Shortcuts in Organization

Employmen
tAInterview
job interview is a
one-on-one
interview
consisting of a
conversation
between a job
applicant and a
representative of
an employer which
is conducted to
assess whether
the applicant
should be hired.

Performanc
e
Expectatio
n
People attempt to
validate
their
perceptions of reality
even when they are
faulty. The term self
fulfilling
prophecy
and Pygmalion effect
describes how an
individuals behavior
is
determined
by
others expectation

Performanc
e
Evaluation
Performance
evaluation is very
much depends on
the
perceptual
process.
Performance
evaluation meets
the
criterion
if
shortcuts in the
organization
because most of
the time it is
subjective process.

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