RESEARCH

Levita Blorecia-Grana, DM, CE

SJIT
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Assumptions

You have the passion for research

in your heart, mind and soul and
now ready to transcend the
energy to actual write-up

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Outline of Presentation

Parts of the Research Paper

( Chapters 1 to 5)
Parts of the Research Paper
( Chapters 1 to 4 for SJIT)
Contents of each chapter
Preliminaries and add-ons
Sample presentations
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Research is formalized curiosit

y. It is poking and prying with
a purpose.
Zora Neale Hurston quotes (
American folklorist and Writer,
1903-1960)
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To steal ideas from one person

is plagiarism, to steal ideas f
rom many is research.

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Research

Scientific investigation of a phenomena

The scientific method
1.
Determining (recognizing the problem)
2.
Forming a hypothesis
3.
Doing the library search
4.
Designing the study
5.
Developing the instruments for collecting
data
6.
Collecting the data
7.
Analyzing the data
8.
Determining implications and conclusions
from the findings
9.
Making recommendations for further
research
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Chapters of the Research

Paper
Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Scope

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

Chapter 3

Methodology

Chapter 4

Presentation, Analysis and

Interpretation of Data

Chapter 5

Summary of Findings,
Conclusions and
Recommendations
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SJIT Chapters of the Research Paper

Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Scope

Chapter 2

Methodology

Chapter 3

Results and Discussion

Chapter 4

Summary of Findings,
Conclusions and
Recommendations

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Preliminaries ( before Chapter 1)

COVER PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
DEDICATION
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
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Add-ons (after Chapter 5)

Bibliography ( APA format)

Appendices

Appendix A and so on

Curriculum Vitae
Note: The current trend uses the term

LITERATURE CITED instead of

Bibliography or References
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Chapter 1 The Problem

and Its Scope

Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem/
Objectives
Hypotheses
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
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Introduction

What is the identified research

problem?
Why there is a need?
Cite problematic situation (global
to local setting)
Support data, statistics, legal basis
What made the researcher decide
to conduct the study?
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Review of Related
Literature

A review of related literature is the

process of collecting, selecting, and
reading
books,
journals,
reports,
abstracts, and other reference materials.
The following information may be
collected:
1. Background information about the
problem and related concepts.
2. Theories that explain the existence of
the problem and the possible connection
between certain factors and the problem
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3. Data that confirms the existence

and seriousness of the problem
4. General and specific findings of
studies related to the problem
5. Recommendations for further
study given in related studies

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Why Review Literature?

1.

2.

3.

4.

A review of related literature is a must

in research. The following are some of
the obvious reasons;
It helps the researcher identify and
define a research problem
It helps justify the need for studying a
problem.
It prevents unnecessary duplication of
a study
It can be a source of a theoretical basis
for the study
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5. It enables the researcher to

learn how to conceptualize a
research problem and properly
identify and operationally define
study variables
6. It helps formulate and refine
research instruments
7. It provides lesson for data
analysis and interpretation.
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Review of Related Literature

Based on the theories and concepts

used
Introductory
paragraph
(what
literature and why the literature is
chosen, give a brief statement of
the criteria in choosing
Present literature in thematic or
chronological order
Conceptual literature should be
logically presented.
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Review of Related
Literature

Statements copied from original

sources should be typed single
space/inset.
Long
citations
should
be
paraphrased. In this case, you
should
restate
the
authors
thoughts in your own words.
Document your sources properly.
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Related Studies

Introductory paragraph
Arrange your literature or related
studies by variables, refer to your
diagram.
Cite those studies which are relevant
to your study.
Present the related studies by citing
the research methodologies used, the
respondents, the statistical treatment
and the major lbg2016
findings.

Similarities and Differences of

This Study and Those Reviewed

Cite first the similarities and then

the aspects where they differ.
Cite the aspects that make your
study novel.
Similarities and differences should
be compared even to their minor
detail.
Have a last paragraph that would
recapitulate the similarities and
differences. lbg2016

What Materials to
Review?

General References

Primary Sources

Examples are indexes, reviews and abstracts

Examples are researches found on published
journals.

Secondary Sources

Publications where authors cite the works of

others. Examples are books, encyclopedias.
Secondary sources are good references for
overview of the problem.

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Steps In Literature
Review

Review the precise definition of the

research problem. Note the key
variables
specified
in
the
study
objectives and hypothesis.
Formulate search terms (key words or
phrases)
Problem: Adolescents Perceptions on
the Effect of Punishment on Self-Esteem
and Academic Performance
Search
term:
punishment
and
learning,
self-esteem
and
performance lbg2016

Using indexes of general references,

search for relevant primary and
secondary sources guided by the search
terms.
List in a note of index card the
bibliographical data of the pertinent
information selected as follows:
a. author
b. title
c. name of publication
d. date of publication (include place and
date)
e. pages of thelbg2016
article

Read the selected reading materials,

take note and summarize key points.
Prepare a note card for easy retrieval
and classification. In taking note, be as
brief as possible but include all relevant
information which you can use in your
full review, such as :the problem, the
objectives, and hypotheses, the
major findings, and conclusions.

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Theoretical/ Conceptual
Framework

Figure supported by explanation

showing the relationship of the
variables
This is where you anchor your
study
Core
Theory
(
Dependent
Variable)
Supporting
Theory
( Independent
Variable)
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Hypothesis

When you want to find out the

cause and effect or other forms of
relationship between two variables

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Statement of the
Problem/Objectives

SOP interrogative form

O - declarative form
Major types of Research Questions
Factor-Isolating (starts with what)
Factor-Relating ( question seeks
information on the relationship of
variables or effects of variables on other
variables)

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Statement of the
Problem/Objectives

Situation Relating ( these are

questions that involve the results of
the manipulation of the variables on
the other
Situation-Producing (the question
establishes explicit goals or actions.
They require development of plans
under which the goals may be
achieved.
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Levels of Inquiry

Level 1 questions that shows that

the
researcher
has
limited
knowledge of the topic
Starts with what and exploratory in
nature
Prominent in descriptive research

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Levels of Inquiry

Level 2

Questions on relationships or effects of

variables

Level 3

Questions which assume relationship

and effects and ask why of the
results
Questions involve more variables,
outcomes and predictions
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Levels of Inquiry

Level 4

Questions on how (development plans,

interventions, policy, etc.)

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Significance of the Study

Name those who can benefit the

study (people, institution, agency)
Cite how they will be benefited from
the findings
Include how other researchers can
benefit the study

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Scope and Limitation

Scope boundaries in terms of time,

samples, location, tests, etc

The study focuses on

It includes
It is concerned with
It also involves the

Limitation weaknesses of the study which

are beyond the control of the researcher

The study is limited to

The study does not cover the .
The investigator limited the research to .
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Definition of Terms

Conceptual definition universal

meaning usually taken from books
and dictionaries.
Operational definition meaning in
the study

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Chapter 2 Methodology

Research Design

Brief description of the research

method used
Justification on why it is the best
method for the study

Research Locale

Brief description of the place where

the participants or respondents are to
be obtained
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Research Designs

A scheme that maps out the data

sources, the type of data to be
collected, how data will be collected,
and the methods to be used in data
analysis
Pinpoints specifically the relationships
of the variables under study
Set time constraints within which the
research problem should be answered
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Research Design
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Descriptive research
Exploratory research
Causal/Explanatory research
Correlational research
Comparative research
Evaluative research
Experimental research
Action research
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Classification of Research
Designs

Descriptive research

Illustrate and determine patterns or

characteristics of variables, in
particular instances or events

Verbs usually used in stating

objectives: to describe, determine,
analyze,
explain,
define,
or
illustrate
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Classification of Research
Designs

Exploratory research

Gather
initial
data
patterns
or
characteristics of variables in a situation
where studies have not been done or
minimal data are available to establish
significant patterns or relationships of
variables in a specified scope

Hypothesis has yet to be determined, and

tested for future studies

Verbs usually used in stating objectives: to

explore, find out, examine, and investigate
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Classification of Research
Designs

Causal/Explanatory research
Ascertain that the occurrence of, or
change
in,
the
independent
variables leads to changes in the
dependent variables
Verbs
usually used in stating
objectives: to analyze, explain, and
identify

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Classification of Research
Designs

Correlational research

Establish the fact that the outcome of

certain patterns of relationships occur
together in a specified manner without
suggesting that one variable causes the
other variable to change; relationship
either positive or negative correlation

Verb usually used in stating objectives: to

correlate or interrelate
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Classification of Research
Designs

Comparative research

Confirms if two or more variables reveal

similar
or
different
patterns
or
characteristics when compared, using a
set of variables as standard basis

Verbs usually used in stating objectives:

to compare, determine similarities, find
out differences, or contrast
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Classification of Research
Designs

Evaluative research
Assess
performance outcome or
impact of a set of variables on
another one
Considers an adequate time span to
pinpoint the effects accurately;
longitudinal study
Verbs
usually used in stating
objectives: to evaluate, assess,
appraise, measure, or quantify
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Classification of Research
Designs

Experimental research
Determine the possible cause and
effect
relationship
through
experimental and control groups
Done in simulated environment
Verbs
usually used in stating
objectives: to determine the effects,
examine the differences, compare
the results, or analyze the influence
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Classification of Research
Designs

Action research

Develop or recommend fresh approaches,

policies, programs, strategies, or skills to
solve problems in an actual organizational
setting
Most applied-oriented research
Verbs usually used in stating objectives: to
develop, propose, suggest, recommend,
determine alternative approaches, identify
solutions, or formulate policies
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Phases of Action Research

Phase 1

Select Focus Area

Phase 2

Conduct Needs Assessment

Phase 3

Design Action Plan

Phase 4

Carry Out Action Plan

Phase 5

Evaluate Effect
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Chapter 2 Methodology

Samples and Sampling Technique

Used

Brief description of the population

Sampling size, how it was determined
Specific technique used in selecting
the samples

Instrumentation

Description of the instruments used

their contents, how developed and
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validated

Chapter 2 Methodology

Procedure

Scientific
Details of data collection
Include time frame involved in data
collection
Who will do the data collection?

Statistical Analysis of the Data

What statistics are to be used on the

research data and why?
Should be in consonance with
objectives/hypothesis
of the study
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the

Chapter 3 (Results and

Discussion

Presented according to the problems

of the study
Plain reading and explanation of
figures about the results of the study
Analysis and interpretation of results
Interprets data in a unified or holistic
manner.

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Chapter 4 (Summary of
Findings, Conclusions and
Recommendations

Summary
Synopsis of the research objectives,
hypothesis, research methodology
and findings
Summary of Findings
Summary of answers to the
statement of the problem (paragraph
form)
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Chapter 4 (Summary of Findings,

Conclusions and
Recommendations

Conclusions
Brief
statements
about
the
generalization inferred from the results
Includes the theoretical and practical
implications of the findings discussed
Recommendations
Detailed description of the suggestions
for future action based on the
significance of the findings
Includes recommendations for future
research
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Journal Format
Sections of the Full Text Paper
Title

Author
Email
Cellphone Number
Position
Organization/School
City/Town/Province

Abstract
Introduction
Framework
Objectives
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
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Tips on Abstract
Preparation

The abstract is a brief and comprehensive

summary of the contents of a study. It
should be accurate, concise, and specific.
It should not exceed 350 words.
The key elements of an abstract are:
background
information,
research
problem/aim, methodology, results, and
conclusions or implications.
The background information is a brief
sentence or two that establishes the
significance or context of the research,
and thus, should be directly linked to the
research problem.
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Tips on Abstract Preparation

The research problem must be clearly

stated: it can be the problem addressed
by the research; the aim of the research;
or the specific research question or
hypothesis relating to the paper.

The discussion on methodology depends

on whether the methodology used was
standard or modified.

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Tips on Abstract
Preparation

The key results are summarized in an

informative abstract. This section of an
abstract often contains the most important
information.
The conclusions summarize one or two of the
key implications of the research.
The background information and conclusions
are written in the present tense. The
research problem is written in the past tense.
The methodology and key results are written
in the past tense.
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thank you

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