GYPSUM

PRODUCTS
Dr. Yashpreetsingh A. Bhatia
Pg Student Part I
CDS&RC

03:23 PM

03:23 PM

Introduction
Composition
Setting of gypsum products
Types of gypsum products
W:P ratio
Properties
setting time
setting expansion
Proportioning ,Mixing
Special gypsum products
Caring of gypsum products
Infection control
Conclusion
3

INTRODUCTION
Gypsum: (CaSO4.2H2O) is a mineral mined in
various parts of the world.
It is also a by-product of some chemical
procedures.
Chemically, it is pure calcium sulfate dihydrate
(CaSO4.2H2O).
The word Gypsum is derived from the Greek word
Gypos which means chalk.

03:23 PM

Used for centuries for construction purposes and

for making artifacts.
Gypsum products probably serve the dental
profession more adequately than any other
profession
With slight modification gypsum products can be
used for several different purposes.
The main reason for this diversified use is the
properties of gypsum can be modified by
physical and chemical means.
03:23 PM

 Gypsum usually appears white to

milky yellowish and is found in
compact mass in nature with a
chemical name calcium sulfate
dihydrate(CaSO4.2H2O).
Gypsum products used in dentistry
are based on calcium sulfate
hemihydrate(CaSO41/2H2O)

03:23 PM

 The term Plaster of Paris was given

to this product as this was obtained
by burning the gypsum from deposits
near Paris , France .
ANSI/ADA Specification No.25
Their main uses are for the
preparation of casts or models, dies
and investments.

03:23 PM

Uses
For the preparation of casts or study
models, and as die materials.
For dental laboratory procedures:
a)Mounting cast on articulator
b)Flasking and packing for acrylization.
As Investment material.
As Impression material.

03:23 PM

Cast:
A reproduction of the shape and

features of a surface made from an

impression of the surface.
Die:
A reproduction of a prepared

tooth.

03:23 PM

CAST

Articulator

03:23 PM

DIES

10

Requirements of dental
cast material
Dimensionally accurate with adequate
mechanical properties.
Dimensionally stable after setting
The material should, ideally, be fluid
at the time it is poured in the
impression so that fine detail can be
recorded.

03:23 PM

11

 Sufficiently strong to resist accidental

fractures and hard enough to resist
abrasion during lab procedures.
The set material should be compatible
with all the other materials with which
it comes into contact.
It should give good color contrast with
the various waxes which are often used
to produce wax pattern.
03:23 PM

12

 The

Manufacturing

principle constituent of dental

plasters and stones is calcium sulfate
hemihydrate (CaSo4.1/2H2O).

They

are produced by calcining

calcium sulfate dihydrate or gypsum.

03:23 PM

13

 Commercially, the gypsum is ground and

subjected to temperature 110-120 0C to

drive off the water of crystallization.

CaSO4.2H2O
Gypsum

110-130oC

130-200oC

CaSO4.1/2 H2O

Plaster or Stone

Hexagonal
anhydrite

CaSO4
2001000oC

CaSO4
Orthorhombic
anhydrite

03:23 PM

14

 Dental Plaster: Heating Gypsum in an

open kettle in dry environment at a
temperature of about 110-130oC
Dental Stone: Heating gypsum under
pressure and in presence of water
vapour (wet environment) at about 125oC.

03:23 PM

15

Stone,
high
strength:
Dental
Produced when calcination occurs
under pressure in 30% calcium
chloride solution after which residual
chlorides are washed away and
Calcium sulfate hemihydrate is dried
and ground to desired fineness.

03:23 PM

16

CaSO4.1/2H2O

hemihydrate
Dental Stone

03:23 PM

hemihydrate
Dental Plaster

17

 -hemihydrate

-hemihydrate

When dihydrate is
heated under
steam pressure
Dense & prismatic
crystals
Strength : 20.7
MPa or 3000 psi.
Surface hardness:
good

When dihydrate is
heated in an open
kettle or kiln.
Spongy &
irregularly shaped
crystals.
Strength: 9 Mpa or
1300 psi
Surface hardness:
Poor

03:23 PM

18

 -hemihydrate
Used to prepare
master cast
Colour : Green/
Yellow

03:23 PM

-hemihydrate
Used to prepare
primary cast/study
models, mounting
cast on articulator
and flasking.
Colour : White

19

Prismatic and
regular shape
of crystals of

hemihydrate

Spongy and
irregular
shape of
crystals of
hemihydrate
03:23 PM

20

03:23 PM

21

Setting of gypsum products

The following reaction takes place in the

hardening process
(CaSO4 ) 2 H2O + 3H2O

2CaSO4 2H2O + H2O + heat (3900

Cal/g mol)
The product of the reaction is gypsum

03:23 PM

22

PHILLIPS SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS

12TH EDITION

CRAIGS RESTORATIVE DENTAL MATERIALS 11TH

EDITION

 The heat evolved in the exothermic

reaction is equivalent to the heat used

originally in calcination.

03:23 PM

24

Theories of Setting
of Gypsum products
Colloidal Theory
Hydration Theory
Dissolution precipitation Theory
(Crystalline Theory)

03:23 PM

25

 Colloidal Theory: 1893 M. Michaelies

When mixed with water ,
plaster enters into the colloidal state
through sol-gel mechanism .
In the sol state ,hemihydrate particles
are hydrated to form the dihydrate,
thereby entering into an active state .
As the measured amount of water is
consumed, the mass converts into a solid gel.
03:23 PM

26

Hydration Theory
This theory suggests that rehydrated
plaster particles join together through
hydrogen bonding to the sulfate groups
to form the set material.
Dissolution precipitation Theory:
This theory is based on dissolution of
plaster and instant recrystilization of
gypsum, followed by interlocking of the
crystals to form the set product
03:23 PM

27

Setting process

There

is distinct difference in the

solubility
of
hemihydrate
and
dihydrate.
Hemihydrate is 4 times more soluble
in water than dihydrate near room
temp.(200c)

03:23 PM

28

The setting reaction can be

understood as follows:
Hemihydrate is mixed with
water,a suspension is formed
that is fluid and workable.
Water becomes saturated
with
hemihydrate
with
solubility of around 0.8% at
room temperature.

03:23 PM

29

 The dissolved hemihydrate is then rapidly

converted into dihydrate which has much

lower solubility of around 0.2%.
Since the solubility limit of dihydrate is
immediately
exceeded,
solution
is
supersaturated .
Dihydrate crystals precipitate of solution.
As the dihydrate precipitates, the solution
is no longer saturated with hemihydrate so
it continues to dissolve
03:23 PM

30

 The process continues until most

of the
hemihydrate is converted to dihydrate.
The crystals of dihydrate are spherulitic
in nature and grow from specific growth
sites called nuclei of crystallization.
There may be small particle of impurity
such as unconverted gypsum crystal
within the hemihydrate powder.

03:23 PM

31

EARLY STAGES IN SETTING OF A DIE STONE (X 400.)

STAGES:
DISSOLUTION
SUSPENSION
SATURATION
SUPERSATURATION
NUCLEI FORMATION
GROWTH OF NUCLEI
SPHERULITE FORMATION

Classification of Gypsum Products

03:23 PM

35

03:23 PM

36

Types of gypsum products

Gypsum
Products

Manufacture

Use

Impression
Plaster

Earlier plaster was

modified for use as
impression material
by addition of
chemicals and
flavoring agents

Preliminary
impression of
edentulous ridge in
fabrication of
dentures.

(Type I)
Now rarely
used.

[MUCOSTAIC
IMPRESSION]

03:23 PM

37

Types of gypsum products

Gypsum
Products

Manufacture

Dental Plaster Heating the gypsum

powder in open
(Type II)
container. This
Plaster of
direct and rapid
paris
heating results in
-hemihydrate
powder that consist
Model plaster of porous and
irregular particles.
03:23 PM

Use
Weakest and least
expensive of all
gypsum products.
Making preliminary
cast for CD
To secure cast to
articulator ,
to fill a flask in
denture
construction

38

Dental Stone Made from gypsum by

(Type III) carefully controlled
calcinations under
Hydrocal
steam pressure in a
Class I stone
closed container. The
method releases the
hemihydrate water of
crystallization slowly
and resultant powder
particles are more
uniform in shape and
less porous.
03:23 PM

Stone is stronger
and more expensive
than plaster.
Use for making cast
for diagnostic
purpose
Master Cast for CD
and RPD
construction
39

Dental
Stone, high
strength
(Type IV)
Class II
Stone,
Densite,
Improved
stones, Die
Stone
03:23 PM

Made by calcining in
calcium chloride
solution. This
calcination result in a
powder particles
that is very dense
and cuboidal in
shape, with a
reduced surface
area.

It is strongest and
most expensive.
Densite is the
densest of all the
material.
Used mainly for
cast and dies for
inlay and crown
fabrication.

40

Dental Stone,
high strength,
high expansion
(Type V)

03:23 PM

Strength increased
by lowering W:P
ratio.

For making very

strong dies which
has slightly
bigger sizes
Setting expansion
increased from 0.10 (compensate
larger casting
to 0.30.
shrinkage of base
metal alloys)

41

03:23 PM

42

W:P ratio

The proportion of water to powder used to

make a workable mix of a particular gypsum
product is called water/powder ratio
It is usually abbreviated as W:P
For eg 60ml of water mixed in 100g of
plaster then W:P ratio is 0.6
The W:P ratio is an important factor in
determining the physical and chemical
properties of the final gypsum product

03:23 PM

43

For dental use , an excess amount of

measured water is always necessary above
the theoretically correct amount required
for hydration which is 0.18%
The excess is needed to make a workable
mix that can be poured and shaped
The excess water is distributed as free
water in the set mass without taking part in
chemical reaction and it contributes to the
subsequent porosities or voids in the set
product
03:23 PM

44

 The proper W:P ratio for each product

depends on physical characteristics of

powder particles
Therefore plaster require more measured
water (gauging water) to float the irregular
porous particles than the dense particles of
stone
A mixture of Calcium oxide (0.1%) & Gum
arabic (1%) reduces the amount of water
necessary to mix gypsum products: resulting
in Improved properties.

03:23 PM

45

Recommended ranges:
Type I 0.50-0.75
Type II 0.45-0.50
Type III 0.28-0.30
Type IV 0.22-0.24
Type V 0.18-0.22

03:23 PM

46

03:23 PM

47

Properties

Setting time
When the powder is mixed with water, the
time that elapses from the beginning of mixing
until the materials hardens is known as setting
time. Knowledge of setting characteristics of
the gypsum products is important for proper
manipulation.
This is usually measured by some type of
penetration test, using the following instrumentsVicat penetrometer
Gilmore needle
03:23 PM

48

Mixing time Time from addition of powder to water

until mixing is completed.
Mechanical mixing:20-30 secs
Hand spatulation:1 min.
Working Time: The time available to use
workable mix maintaining even consistency.
General 3 min working time is adequate.

03:23 PM

49

1.

Loss of gloss test for initial set.

As reaction proceeds, excess water is taken
up in forming the dihydrate so that mix loses
its gloss approx. at 9mins. The mass has no
measurable compressive strength at this time.
2. Initial Gillmore test for initial set
This occurs approx at 13mins & this time is
marked by definite increase in strength.
Needle no longer penetrates to bottom of
mix.

03:23 PM

50

3. Gillmore test for final setting time:

The elasped time at which a heavier
Gillmore needle leaves only a barely
perceptible mark on surface is called
final setting time.

03:23 PM

51

03:23 PM

GILLMORE NEEDLES

52

a) MATERIAL IS UNSET
b) MATERIAL IS SET

03:23 PM

53

3.Vicat test for

setting time:

Commonly used to
measure the initial
setting time for
gypsum products

Vicat
penetrometer
03:23 PM

54

 It consists of a rod weighing 300 g with

a needle of 1-mm diameter.
The rod is lowered until it contacts the
surface of the material, then the needle
is released and allowed to penetrate the
mix.
When the needle fails to penetrate to
the bottom of the container, the
material has reached the Vicat or the
initial setting time
03:23 PM

55

03:23 PM

56

Ready for use criterion

It is a subjective measure of the time
at which material may be safely
handled
Technically it is the time when
compressive strength is atleast 80%
of that attained at 1 hour.
Most modern products reach the
ready to use state in 30mins.
03:23 PM

57

Control of setting time(S.T.)

Theoretically there are 3 method
1. The solubility of hemihydrate can be
increased or decreased.
2.No. of nuclei of crystallization can be
increased or decreased.
3.Rate of crystal growth is increased or
decreased.

03:23 PM

58

The operator can vary the S.T.

by altering W:P ratio & mixing time.
Decrease in setting time (fast setting) longer mixing time , rapid mixing
W:P ratio
Addition of certain chemicals called
accelerators.
Increase in setting time (slow setting) W:P ratio

Addition of certain chemicals called

retarders.
03:23 PM

59

03:23 PM

60

Other factors Impurities:

Fineness:
Temperature:

03:23 PM

61

Impurities
Presence of set gypsum particles,
shortens the setting time because of the
increase in the potential nuclei of
crystallization.

Fineness:

Finer the particle size of the

hemihydrate
faster is the set.
03:23 PM

62

Temperature:
Little change occurs between 0*C to 50*C.
If temperature of the plaster exceeds 50*C
then gradual retardation occurs.
As the temperature approaches 100*C, no
reaction takes place.

At higher temperature there is a

tendency for the gypsum crystals formed to
be converted back to hemihydrate form

03:23 PM

63

Accelerators and Retarders

Accelerators : It increases the solubility of
hemihydrates without increasing the solubility
of dihydrate. Thus accelerates the process.
Eg. NaCl upto about 2%
NaSO4 upto 3.4%
K2SO4 > 2%
Terra Alba/Set calcium sulfate dihydrate.
Liquids of High pH accelerate the
setting reaction while the liquids of low pH
like saliva retard the setting reaction
03:23 PM

64

Retarders : Certain chemicals form a

coating on the hemihydrates particles
and thus prevent the hemihydrates
from going into solution in the normal
manner.
Eg. Citrates, Acetates, Borates
Colloidal system such as agar & alginate
retard the setting reaction by being
adsorbed on the hemihydrate or the
dihydrate nucleation sites thus
interfering in hydration reaction
03:23 PM

65

THANK YOU
03:23 PM

66

 Introduction
Composition
Setting of gypsum products
Types of gypsum products
W:P ratio
Properties
setting time
setting expansion
Proportioning ,Mixing
Special gypsum products
Caring of gypsum products
Infection control
Conclusion
03:23 PM

68

Setting expansion
During change from hemihydrate to
dihydrate, 0.06% to 0.5% expansion
may occur.
Reason: Outgrowth of crystals from
nuclei of crystallization.
Crystals growing from the nuclei can
intermesh with and obstruct the
growth of adjacent crystals.

03:23 PM

69

 If this process is repeated by thousands

of crystals during growth, an outward
stress or thrust develops that produces
an expansion of the entire mass.
Thus, a setting expansion can take place
even though true volume of the crystals
alone may be less as calculated.

03:23 PM

70

Setting expansion
CaSO4.1\2H2O + 3H2O = 2CaSO4.2H2O
105.556

54.211

148.405

Total volume , 159.767

Equivalent Volume
148.405

CHANGE IN VOLUME

148.405 159.767
159.767
03:23 PM

X 100 = -7.11%

71

 Theoretically, a contraction on

setting can be calculated, however,

the growing crystals of gypsum cause
an outward crystal thrust.
This thrust results in an external
expansion with resulting internal
porosity (micro-porosities) in set
mass.

03:23 PM

72

Factors affecting setting

expansion (S.E)
1) W:P ratio : S.E 1/W:P ratio.
2) Mixing time : S.E MT
3) Addition of chemicals. (accelerators or retarders)
Accelerators or retarders have a effect of
reducing setting expansion and are referred as
Anti expansion agents. )
03:23 PM

73

W:P ratio
W:P ratio Nuclei of crystallization
per unit volume

03:23 PM

74

Mixing Time.

03:23 PM

75

Accelerators &
Retarders
Accelerators or retarders have a
effect of reducing setting expansion
and are referred as Anti expansion
agents.
Most effective in controlling expansion
by manufacturer

03:23 PM

76

Hygroscopic S.E.

So for we have assumed that the

plaster or stone is allowed to set in

air.
If the setting process is allowed to
occur under water, the setting
expansion is more than double in
magnitude.
03:23 PM

77

Stage I : Initial mix is represented

by three round particles of hemihydrate
surrounded by water

As the crystals of dihydrate

grow, they contact each other,
and the S.E. begins
03:23 PM

78

Stage II : Reaction started and crystal

of dihydrate start forming
In left, water around particles is reduced
by hydration and particles are drawn more
closely together by surface tension action
of water.
In right, because the setting is taking place
under water, the water of hydration is
replaced and distance between the particles
remains the same.

03:23 PM

79

Stage III :
The water around particles is again decreased
in the eg. on left.
The particles with their attached crystals tend
to be drawn together as before but the
contraction is opposed by the outward thrust
of growing crystals.
On the other hand the crystals in right diagram
are not so inhibited, as water is again
replenished.

03:23 PM

80

Stage IV & Stage V:

The effect become more marked.
The crystals being inhibited on the left
become intermeshed and entangled much
sooner than those on right, which grow much
more freely during early stages before the
intermeshing finally prevents the further
expansion.

03:23 PM

81

 The

basic mechanism of crystal

growth is same in both instances,
and both phenomenon are true
setting expansion.
To distinguish between them, S.E.
without water immersion is often
termed as NSE where as the
expansion that occurs under water
is known as HSE .

03:23 PM

82

Factors influencing HSE

W:P ratio HSE

mixing time HSE

03:23 PM

83

Strength

The strength of gypsum products is

usually measured in terms of compressive

strength.
As seen in setting reaction the strength
develops rapidly during the first 30 to 45
min as the hydration is completed.

03:23 PM

84

 The strength depends on porosity of

set material, which is related to W:P

ratio necessary to make a workable
mix.
Eg Plaster (which require the most
gauging water to make a fluid mix) is
the weakest, while improved stone is
strongest.

03:23 PM

85

 The presence or absence of excess of

free water affects strength and two
strength are recognized.
- Wet strength (Green strength)
Dry strength

03:23 PM

86

Wet Strength : It is the strength

measured when the sample contains
water in excess of the amount required
for hydration.
Dry Strength : It is the strength
measured when the excess of water is not
present.
Dry strength is two or more times more
than the wet strength.

03:23 PM

87

03:23 PM

88

Factors influencing the

strength
W:P ratio strength.
mixing time strength
(to certain limit)
accelerator or retarder
strength.

03:23 PM

89

03:23 PM

90

03:23 PM

91

Proportioning, Mixing and caring

for products.
The technical use of gypsum products is
relatively simple requiring only
Mixing bowl (Parabolic, smooth, resistant
to abrasion)
Mixing spatula (straight, stiff blade)
Room-temperature water
Appropriate gypsum product
03:23 PM

92

Proportioning

Because the strength of a stone is

indirectly proportional to the W:P ratio, it
is most important to keep the amount of
water as low as possible. However it should
not be so low that the mix will not flow in
every detail of the impression.
Thus, water and powder must be
proportioned accurately for optimum
properties.

03:23 PM

93

a. Measuring the Water

The water is usually dispensed by volume in
a graduated cylinder, as 1 gm of water has a
volume of very close to 1 ml.
b. Measuring the Powder
The power can be weighed in grams with a
simple balance or scale.
Volume dispensers may be used, but volume
dispensing of the power is not accurate because
of varying packing effect on the powder.
Weighing with a scale is a simple and convenient
method to ensure accurate proportions.
03:23 PM

94

Mixing
The preferred method of mixing is to
add the measured water first, followed
by the gradual addition of the pre
weighed powder.
Guess work of repeatedly adding water
and powder to achieve proper consistency
is to be avoided, as it may cause an uneven
set in the cast, resulting in low strength
and distortion.
03:23 PM

96

Mixing
Hand mixing

03:23 PM

Vaccum Mixing

97

Hand Mixing

Done in a flexible plastic or rubber bowl

with a stiff bladed spatula to combine the
powder and water.
The mix should be smooth, homogenous,
workable and free of air bubbles.
A minimum of air inclusion in the mixed
product is desirable to prevent surface
bubbles and internal defects.

03:23 PM

98

 Mixing is accomplished with a periodic

WIPING of the inside of the bowl, to
ensure wetting of all of powder,
breaking of lumps and avoiding air
bubbles.
A smooth and homogenous mix should
be obtained in approx. 1 min.

03:23 PM

99

03:23 PM

100

03:23 PM

101

Vaccum Mixing

Prefered method use a mechanical

mixer under vacuum.

15 sec hand mixing followed by 20 30
sec mech. mixing under vacuum.
This provides a gypsum mix that is free
of air bubbles and homogenous in
consistency.

03:23 PM

102

03:23 PM

VACCUUM MIXING
AND
INVESTING MACHINE

103

03:23 PM

104

SECTION THROUGH A
CAST OF SET STONE
THAT WAS
IMPROPERLY MIXED.
AIR VOIDS WEAKEN
THE STONE

03:23 PM

SECTION THROUGH A
CAST OF SET STONE
THAT WAS
PROPERLY
PROPORTIONED AND
MIXED

105

Care of the Cast

Once the setting reaction in the cast has

been completed, its dimension will be
relatively constant thereafter under ordinary
conditions of room temperature and humidity.
However it is sometimes necessary to soak
gypsum cast in water. If the stone cast is
immersed in running water, its linear
dimension may decrease approximately 0.1%
for every 20 min of such immersion.
The safest method is to soak the cast in
saturated solution of calcium sulfate.
03:23 PM

106

 Storage of set plaster or stone at

room temperature produces no

significant dimensional change.
However if the storage temperature is
raised to between 90o and 100oc, a
shrinkage occurs as the water of
crystallization is removed and the
dihydrate reverts to hemihydrate.

Therefore, it is not safe to store

or heat a stone cast in air at
temperature higher than 55oC 107
03:23 PM

Synthetic Gypsum :

This is made from by-products of

phosphoric acid production

The synthetic product is usually much
more expensive than that made from
Natural gypsum, but when properly
made its properties are equal to or
exceed those of the latter.
03:23 PM

108

Special gypsum products

In addition to the standardized gypsum
materials there are some that have been
characterized for special purposes
For Eg.
Orthodontist prefer a white stone or plaster
for study models and may even treat the
surface with soap solution for added sheen.
These products have a longer
working time for ease of trimming.
03:23 PM

109

 The mounting stones or plasters are

used to mount the cast on articulator,

are fast setting and have low S.E.
The mounting plaster has low strength
to permit easy trimming and to separate
the cast readily from articulator
Since 1991, a plethora of new dental
stones have appeared mostly as time
savers.
One type is ready to use in 5 min. but it
has little working time.
03:23 PM

110

 Another product changes color to

help denote when it is ready for use.

Most recently, the trend is to add a
small amount of plastic or resin that
reduces brittleness and improves the
resistance to scratching during the
carving of wax pattern.

03:23 PM

111

Caring of gypsum products

Gypsum products are somewhat sensitive

to changes in relative humidity of their

environment.
The hemihydrate of gypsum takes up
water from the air readily.
For eg., if the relative humidity exceeds
70% , the plaster takes up sufficient
water vapor to start the setting reaction.

03:23 PM

112

 The first hydration produces a few crystals

of gypsum on the surface of hemihydrate

crystals and the first manifestation of
plaster deterioration
is decrease in setting time.
As the hygroscopic action continues, more
crystals of gypsum form until the entire
hemihydrate crystal is covered.
Under these conditions, the water
penetrates the dihydrate coating with
difficulty and setting time is unduly
prolonged.
03:23 PM

113


Thus, all gypsum products

should be stored in a dry

atmosphere
The best means of storage is to seal the product in a moisture-proof
metal container.

03:23 PM

114

GYPSUM POWDER IN A MOISTURE PROOF

METAL CONTAINER
03:23 PM

115

Infection control

There is always a risk of cross

contamination to a dental office

personnel by micro-organism, including
hepatitis B and HIV , via dental
impressions.
Thus the impressions should be
disinfected using spray and immersion
disinfecting techniques.
03:23 PM

116

 If the impression is not disinfected it

is prudent to disinfect stone cast

Disinfecting solutions can be used that
do not adversely affect the quality of
gypsum cast.
Alternatively, dental stone containing
disinfectant may be employed.
Microwave irradiation 5 min; 900 W

03:23 PM

117

Conclusion
Gypsum forms a part of
every day dental practice and
knowing its properties will
help the dentist to better
improve his professional skills
and abilities
03:23 PM

118

THANK YOU
03:23 PM

119