UNIT-III

Derivation of Poissons and Laplace's Equations

The gauss s law in Point
form
We know that
Substitute equation 2 in
equation 1
The relationship between E and V
is
Substitute equation 4 in
equation 3

. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
. 6
. 7

This equation is called, Poisson s

equation
To expand in rectangular coordinate system
To find

. 8
Substitute equation 8 in equation 7

If the volume charge density is zero (ie

). But point charge
density , line charge density and surface charge density are exist.
So equation 7 becomes as

This is called , Laplace s equation

Capacitance of parallel plate

capacitor
Consider a lower conducting plate at z=0 and upper plate at z= d.
surface charge density of the both the plates are
Capacitan
ce

Energy Stored in a
capacitor
A capacitor stores the electrostatic energy, that is equal to work done to
built up a charge
Potential is defined as the work done per unit
charge

Proof for
Derive the capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor by using
Laplaces equations
The Laplace's equation
is

. 3
Substitute 3 in 2

Consider x direction
only
Integrate with respect
to x
Again Integrate with respect
to x
. 1

. 2
Substitute 2 in 1

Substitute 3 and 4 in 1
Differentiate W.r.t x

Electrostatic Energy and Energy density in Electrostatic

field
(OR)
Potential energy present in sum of point charges
Bring a +ve charge from infinite to the field of another +ve charge require
work. This wok is stored as a potential energy in that charge
The work to position
in the field of
=
The work to position
in the field of
and
=
The work to position
in the field of
,
and
=
The total work done = The potential energy stored in the
field
Total work done

Add equation 1 and 2

We know that

By divergence
theorem

Energy
Density
For the large surface

Boundary condition for Electric

Field
Boundary between the different dielectrics
For tangential
component

The line integral of electric field intensity along a closed path

must be zero

The normal component become negligible

Thus the tangential component of electric field are continuous across the
boundary

Thus the tangential component of Electric flux Density are discontinuous

across the boundary

For Normal
component
By Gausss law

When

, the flux crossing the sides become zero

is the free charges present in the boundary. If no free charges are

present then,
Thus a normal component of electric flux density is continuous across the
boundary
Thus a normal component of electric intensity is discontinuous across
the boundary

Current and current density

The motion of electric charge, constitute a current.

The current is defined as the rate of flow of charge.
If the rate of flow is 1 coulombs per second then the current is 1
ampere
Current Density
It is defined as current per unit area

Continuity equation of
current
If the small amount of current
current density is

cross the small area

then the

Consider a region bounded by a closed surface then current through

the closed surface

This outward flow of +ve charge must be equal to a decrement of

charge within the closed surface.
If there are Q charges inside the closed surface, then the rate of
decrement is
This is integral form of continuity equation
By using Divergence
theorem

This is differential form of

continuity equation

Point form of ohms law

When an electron having the charge Q= -e is present in an electric
field E, It will experience a force

The charge from the charge density

Divide both side by dt

is the drift velocity of an

electron( )

Capacitance of spherical
capacitor
Assume two conducting spherical shell with radii of
r=a , r= b
The spherical shells are separated by the dielectric
with permittivity of
in spherical
co-ordinate
AThe
DC Laplace's
voltage equation
is applied
across the
spheres
system is
.
1
The potential between the spheres does not vary with
..
2

and

At r=b V=0 ; Substitute in 3

Integration with respect to r

Again integration with respect

to r
..
3

..
4

..
5

At r=a
Substitute in 5

..
6
Substitute Eqn.6 in
Eqn.5
..
7

Multiply both side by

..
8

The potential dose not vary with

and
So the equation 9 is reduced as
..
10
..
11

..
9

Capacitance cylindrical
capacitor
Consider a two perfectly conducting cylinder with radii of r=a , and
r=b.
The cylindrical shells are separated by the dielectric with
permittivity of
The DC voltage
is applied across the cylindrical
shells
The Laplace's equation in cylindrical co-ordinate
system is
.
1
The potential between the cylinder does not vary with
So the Laplaces equation 1 is reduced as

and Z

Again integrating with respect

to
.2
V=0 ; substitute
in 2
Integrating with respect to

.
3 3 in
Substitute
2

.
4

Substitute in 4
.5

.6
Substitute 6 in 3
.7
Substitute 6 and 7
in 2

.8

The potential dose not vary with

and Z

Substitute 8 in 9

Magnetic Potential
The magnetic Potential could be a scalar denoted as
denoted as
The vector identity are

or a vector

.. 1
.. 2
The scalar magnetic Potential

should satisfy the equation 1

The vector magnetic Potential

should satisfy the equation 2

Just as
we can define the magnetic scalar Potential
with as
It should satisfy the equation 1

But we know that

Thus the required condition is

related

The Gausss law for the magnetic field is

By using Divergence theorem

Consider the similarity equation between the equation

and
We can conclude
that

Magnetic field due to solenoid at

any point on its axis
We know that the magnetic field due
to circular loop is
So the magnetic field due to small length
of solenoid is

Change the integration with respect to