Permanent Magnet DC

Motor

Introduction
Permanent magnet synchronous motors have the rotor
winding replaced by permanent magnets. These motors
have several advantages over synchronous motors with
rotor field windings, including:
Elimination of copper loss
Higher power density and efficiency
Lower rotor inertia
Larger airgaps possible because of larger coercive force
densities.

Introduction (contd)
Some disadvantages of the permanent magnet
synchronous motor are:
Loss of flexibility of field flux control
Cost of high flux density permanent magnets is high
Magnetic characteristics change with time
Loss of magnetization above Curie temperature

Permanent Magnets
Advances in permanent magnetic materials over the
last several years have had a dramatic impact on
electric machines.
Permanent magnet materials have special
characteristics which must be taken into account in
machine design.
For example, the highest performance permanent
magnets are brittle ceramics, some have chemical
sensitivities, all have temperature sensitivity, and
most have sensitivity to demagnetizing fields.
Proper machine design requires understanding the
materials well.

B-H Loop
A typical B-H loop for a permanent magnet is
shown below. The portion of the curve in which
permanent magnets are designed to operate in
motors is the top left quadrant. This segment is
referred to as the demagnetizing curve and is
shown on the next slide.

Demagnetizing
Curve

Demagnetizing Curve
(contd)
The remnant flux density Br will be available if the
magnet is short-circuited. However, with an air gap
there will be some demagnetization resulting in the
no-load operating point, B. Slope of no-load line is
smaller with a larger air gap. With current flowing in
the stator, there is further demagnetization of the
permanent magnet causing the operating point to
shift to C at full load.

Demagnetizing Curve
(contd)
Transients or machine faults can lead to a worst-case
demagnetization as shown which results in permanent
demagnetization of the permanent magnet. The recoil
line following the transient is shown and shows a
reduced flux density compared to the original line. It is
clearly important to control the operation of the
magnets to keep the operating point away from this
worst-case demagnetization condition.

Permanent Magnetic
Materials
Alnico - good properties but too low a coercive
force and too square a B-H loop => permanent
demagnetization occurs easily
Ferrites (Barium and Strontium) - low cost,
moderately high service temperature (400C),
and straight line demagnetization curve.
However, Br is low => machine volume and size
needs to be large.

Permanent Magnet Materials

(contd)
Samarium-Cobalt (Sm-Co) - very good properties
but very expensive (because Samarium is rare)
Neodymium-Iron-Boron (Nd-Fe-B) - very good
properties except the Curie temperature is only
150C

Permanent Magnet Materials

(contd)

PM Motor
Construction
There are two types of permanent magnet motor
structures:
1) Surface PM machines
- sinusoidal and trapezoidal
2) Interior PM machines
- regular and transverse

Construction
PMDC Motor consists of mainly two parts
1. Stator(stationary part of the machine) the stator
consists of frame made of magnetic material and
serves as a return path for magnetic flux as well as a
support for magnets.
2. Rotor (rotating part of the machine)
slotted armature is made of silicon sheet steel or
carbon steel sheet

Working principle

Interaction between magnetic field and current carrying

wire produces a force

Conventional (Brushed) DC
Motors

Permanent magnets for

outer stator
Rotating coils for inner
rotor
Commutation performed
with metal contact
brushes and contacts
designed to reverse the
polarity of the rotor as it
reaches horizontal

2 pole brushed DC motor

commutation

Conventional (Brushed) DC
Motors
Common Applications:
Small/cheap devices such as toys, electric tooth brushes, small
drills
Lab 3
Pros:
Cheap, simple
Easy to control - speed is governed by the voltage and torque by
the current through the armature
Cons:
Mechanical brushes - electrical noise, arcing, sparking, friction,
wear, inefficient, shorting

Working animation