Renewable Energy Engineering

FMP-715
3(2-1)

Recent Worlds Energy Overview

Energy!

Definitions

Energy is a property of every physical

system, describing its ability to perform work.
When energy is released it is converted to
either work (which implies motion of bodies
or matter) or another form of energy such
that the sum of work and other forms of
energy is always conserved.

Energy!

Forms of energy

Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Thermal energy
Chemical energy
Radiant energy
Electrical energy

Renewable & Non-renewable

energy resources
Renewableenergyresources:

Renewable energy resources are that resources which

be replaced rapidly by natural processes
e.g., Solar energy, wind energy, biogas energy, energy
from
etc
biomass
.
Non-Renewable energy resources:
Non-renewable energy resources are that resources
which are not replaced or are replaced only very slowly
by natural processes
e.g., energy from fossil fuels (petrol, diesel, coal etc)

Energy!

EnergyUnits

Joule:
1J=workdonebyaforceof1Newtonmovingabodyover
adistanceof1meter
1J=1newton.metre=1kg.m/s2.m=1kg.(m/s)2
Calorie:
1Cal=amountofheatneededtoraisethetemperatureof1
gofdistilledwaterby1Katsealevelandnormal
temperature(15C).

1Cal=4.185J

Units of Heat
Calorie (Cal)
It is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperatre of one
gram of water through 1C
I kCal = 1000 Calories (1 kg through 1C)
British Thermal Unit (BTU)
It is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1
pound (lb) of water through 1F
Centigrade heat unit (CHU)
It is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temeperature of
one pound of water through 1C
Joule
It is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of
1/4.187 gram of water through 1C
I kJoule(kJ) = 1000 Joules

Energy!

UnitsofEnergy(continued)
BarrelofOilEquivalent(BOE):
Thebarrelofoilequivalent(BOE)isaunitofenergybased
ontheapproximateenergyreleasedbyburningonebarrel(42
USgallonsor158.9873liters)ofcrudeoil
USgallon=3.785liters
UKgallon=4.546liters
TonneofOilEquivalent(toe):
Thetonne of oil equivalent(toe) is aunit of energy: the
amount of energy released by burning onetonneofcrude oil,
approximately42GJ

UnitsofEnergy(continued)

BritishThermalUnit:
1BTU=amountofheatneededtoraisethetemperature
of1lb.ofwaterfrom63Fto64F.
1BTU=252Cal=1054.6J
Erg:

1Erg=gcm2/s2=1107J.
kilowatthour:
1(kWh)=3.6106J
Electronvolt(eV):
1eV=1.602176531019J

History of mankind with the Energy

Ancient discovery of fire and the possibility of burning wood

made large amount of energy available for mankind, for the
first time
Later (about 4000 years B.C.) cultural development began to
accelerate
For several thousands years human energy demands were
covered only by renewable energy sources

HistoryofMankindwithTheEnergy

This remained only until the start of industrial revolution and

the ability to transform heat into motion.
Then industrial development and energy consumption
accelerated rapidly.
The revolution of energy technology based mainly on fossil
fuels.
It changed from the use of coal deposits to oil and natural gas
fields on a global scale.

HistoryofMankindwithTheEnergy

Firewoodusedforthemostofthe19century.
Bythebeginning20centurycoalwasthedominantenergy
source
During the 1920s, oil in turn began to challenge and by the
1970s had overtaken it as the leading contributor to world
supplies.
By then, natural gas was also making a very substantial
contribution, with nuclear energy and hydro power also
supplying smaller but significant amounts.

EnergyResourcesandSustainability.

WhatdoesSustainabilitymean?

Sustainability

means efficient use of resources for effective

development that meets the needs of the present without
disgracing the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.

Conclusions

Energyisauniversalwealthhasprovidedtothewholeof
mankind.
Everythingweseearoundushascostalotmoretocreate(in
termsoffuelconsumption)thanmostofusareaware.
Smallcarcostsaboutfivetimesmoreenergytobuildthanit
willactuallyconsumeinfuelduringaservicelifeof200,000
miles.
We(engineers)havetoadoptthegenuinephilosophyof
buildittolastforever,maintainittomakeitlastforever.

Conclusions

Moreoverwemustutilizeenergyandrawmaterialwisely:
itisthemoralobligationofourgenerationbecauseenergy
andrawmaterialshortageinvolveseconomicdeclineand
poverty.

We

must take care of the quality of life of the

future generations as well as ours.

Wehavetohandleenergyrationallywhichmeans;

Economicallyand,
Efficiently.

Distribution of proved oil

reserves

Oil production by region

Oil consumption by region

Distribution of proved natural

gas reserves

Natural gas production by

region

Natural gas consumption by

region

Coal production Coal

consumption

Nuclear energy consumption by

region

Hydroelectricity consumption by
region

World primary energy consumption

Regional primary energy

consumption
patterns

Pakistans Energy Sector

Energy Potentials in Pakistan

Potential for almost all types of renewable energies exists

in the country.
These types include solar (PV and thermal), wind, biogas,
microhydel/canal fall, biodiesel production, biomass/waste
to energy production, geothermal, tidal/ocean energies, etc
On average, solar global insolation 57 kWh/m 2/d exists in
the country over more than 95% of its area.
Wind speed 57 m/s persists in coastal regions of Sindh
and Balochistan provinces and in a number of North West
frontier valleys. According to a survey, Pakistan possesses
more than 20,000MW of economically viable wind power
potential

More than 1200 MW micro/mini hydropower potential

is estimated to be available in the country while

including power generation at northern mountainous
region and southern plane region including energy
generation through canal fall also.
Total biogas generation potential available in the
country is 14.25 million m3 d-1

The crude oil and natural gas were 43.83 and 551.22

MTOE respectively. With present rate of consumption,

the reserves are sufficient for meeting oil and gas
energy demands of next 2.28 and 18.45 years
respectively.
The coal reserves were equivalent to 83,262 MTOE
and sufficient to sustain alone whole energy supplies
for next 1324 years at present rate of consumption.