O HM V VI PHN

Phn 3

KHAI TRIN TAYLOR

Cho f(x, y) kh vi n cp (n+1) trong ln cn
(x0, y0), khi trong ln cn ny ta c:

d k f ( x0 , y0 )
f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 )
Rn
k!
k 1
n

C th:
n

1

f ( x, y ) f ( x0 , y0 )
x y f ( x0 , y0 ) Rn
y
k 1 k ! x

1
Rn
d n 1 ( x0 x, y0 y ) Phn d Lagrange
(n 1)!

C th thay Rn bi o(n) (Peano) (l VCB bc cao

hn n khi 0),
2

x y , o ( )
Khai trin trong ln cn (0, 0) gi l kt Maclaurin
1. Thng thng ch s dng pd Peano.
2. S dng khai trin Maclaurin c bn ca hm
1 bin trong kt Taylor hm nhiu bin.
3. Vit kt trong ln cn ca (x0, y0) l vit kt theo
ly tha ca x = (x x0), y = (y y0)

V d
1/ Khai trin Taylor n cp 2 trong ln cn (1, 1),
cho

z = f(x, y) = xy

f x yx y 1, f y x y ln x df (1,1) x 0.y
f xx y ( y 1) x
y

y 2

y 1
y 1

f xy x yx ln x,

x ln x
f yy
2

d f (1,1) 0.x 2.xy 0.y

df (1,1) x 0.y
2

d f (1,1) 0.x 2.xy 0.y

df (1,1) d f (1,1)
z f ( x, y ) f (1,1)

o( 2 )
1!
2!
x 2xy
z 1

o( 2 )
1!
2!
1 ( x 1) ( x 1)( y 1) o( 2 )

V d
2/ Vit kt Maclaurin n cp 2 cho

1
z f ( x, y )
1 x y xy
t u = x + y xy, kt z theo u n u2

1
2
2
z
1 u u o(u )
1 u
2

1 ( x y xy ) ( x y xy ) o(u )
1 x y x 2 3xy y 2 o( 2 )

V d
3/ Vit kt Taylor n cp 3 vi (x0, y0) = (0,1) cho

z f ( x, y ) e

x 2 xy

t X = x, Y = y 1,

ze

X X 2 XY
2

1 X X XY
2

( X X XY ) ( X X XY )
3

o( )
2
6

z 1 X X XY
2

( X X XY ) ( X X XY )
3

o( )
2
6
3 2
7 3
2
3
1 X X XY X X Y o( )
2
6
3 2
7 3
2
3
z 1 x x x ( y 1) x x ( y 1) o( )
2
6

V d
4/ Vit kt Taylor n cp 3 vi (x0, y0) = (1,2)
cho z f ( x, y ) x sin( y 2). Suy ra fxy(1, 2)
t X = x 1, Y = y 2, z tr thnh

Y
3
z ( X 1)sin Y ( X 1) Y o(Y )
6

3
Y
Y XY o( 3 )
6
3
( y 2)
3
( y 2) ( x 1)( y 2)
o( )
6
3

( y 2)
3
f ( x , y ) ( y 2) ( x 1)( y 2)
o( )
6
2

d f (1, 2)
( x 1)( y 2) x y dxdy
2!
2

(1,2)x 2fxy
(1,2) x y fyy
(1,2)y
fxx
2
fxy(1, 2) = 1

x y

o hm theo hng
nh ngha:
Cho hm f xc nh trong ln cn M 0 v mt

r
hng cho bi vector a .

r
o hm ca f theo hng a ti M 0:
r
f M 0 t.a f M 0
f
r lim
a t 0
t

f M 0 ch tc thay i ca f theo hng r

a
r
a

nh l (cch tnh o hm theo hng)

r
l
e e1, e2
r
vector n v, o hm theo hng e ti M 0
Nu hm f kh vi ti M0,

tn ti, khi :
f M 0 f M 0
f M 0
r
e1
e2
x
y
e
Hm 3 bin cng c tnh tng t.

y
cos e2

r (Vector n v)
e

e1
cos
r
e cos ,cos
Cc cosin ch phng ca er

r
e

r
e (cos ,cos ,cos )

Cng thc tng qut

r l vector ty :
a
f M 0 f M 0 a1 f M 0 a2
r
r
r
a
x
a
y
a
(hm 2 bin)
f M 0 f M 0 a1 f M 0 a2 f M 0 a3
r
r
r
r
a
x
a
y
a
z
a
(hm 3 bin)

V d
1. Tm o hm theo hng dng ca trc
Ox ti im (-2,1) ca hm s
2

f ( x, y ) xy 2 x y
Vector n v theo hng dng ca Ox l:
r
e 1,0
f 2,1
f x 2,1 .1 f y 2,1 .0
r
e
9 .1 12 .0 9

2. Tm o hm theo hng ar 1,1, 1 ti

2
2 3
ca
f
x
,
y
,
z

2
xz

3
y
z

M 2,1,2
r
a
1
1,1, 1 e1, e2 , e3
r
a
3

f M
r f x M .e1 f y M .e2 f z M .e3
a
1
1
1
15

0.
6.
9 .
3
3
3
3

Vector Gradient
r r r
Gi i , j , k

l cc vector n v trn cc

trc ta , f c cc o hm ring ti
M 0 x0 , y0 . Gradient ca f ti M0 l:

f M 0 grad M 0 f x M 0 , f y M 0

r
r
f x M 0 .i f y M 0 . j

Lin h
f M 0 f M 0
f M 0
r
e1
e2 f M 0 , e
r
e
x
y
f M 0
r
r f M 0 . e f M 0 .cos
e

l gc gia gradf M & er

0
f M 0
r
e

t gi tr ln nht khi v ch khi:

cos 1 0

Tng qut
Hng ca vector gradient l hng m
hm f tng nhanh nht.
f M 0
r
a

a
f M 0 , r
a

V d
1/ Tm grad f (2, 3,0), f (2, r 3,0)
a
Vi: f x, y, z x.e yz , ar (2, 3,0)

f x, y , z f x, f y , f z e yz , xze yz , xye yz

f (2, 3,0) 1,0, 6

r
f (2, 3,0)
a
f (2, 3,0). r
r
a
a

1,0, 6

. 2, 3,0
13

PHP TUYN TIP DIN CA MT CONG.

Cho mt cong S: F(x, y, z) = 0, M(x0,y0,z0) S
r
n

L l ng cong trong S i qua

M. Tip tuyn ca L ti M gi l
tip tuyn ca S ti M.
Cc tip tuyn ny cng thuc 1
mt phng gi l tip din ca S
ti M.

PHP TUYN TIP DIN CA MT CONG

Gi s L S c pt: x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t)

M = (x(t0), y(t0), z(t0)) L
Vector ch phng ca tip tuyn ti M l :
r
u x(t0 ), y(t0 ), z(t0 )
M S: F(x,y,z) = 0, ta c:

Fx ( M ) x(t0 ) Fy ( M ) y(t0 ) Fz ( M ) z(t0 ) 0

Fx ( M ) x(t0 ) Fy ( M ) y(t0 ) Fz ( M ) z(t0 ) 0

x(t0 ), y(t0 ), z(t0 ) Fx ( M ), Fy ( M ), Fz( M )

r
u gradF M (vi mi ng cong trong S v
qua M)

grad F(M) l php vector ca tip din

ca S ti M.
Php vector ca tip din cn gi l
php vector ca mt cong S.

Phng trnh php tuyn

S : F x, y , z 0, M xM , yM , zM S
x xM
y yM
z zM

Fx M Fy M Fz M
S : z f x , y , M xM , y M , z M S
x xM
y yM z z M

f x M f y M
1

Phng trnh tip din

S : F x, y , z 0, M xM , yM , zM S
Fx M x xM Fy M y yM Fz M z zM 0

S : z f x , y , M xM , y M , z M S
z zM f x M x xM f y M y yM

V d
1/ Tm phng trnh tip din ca mt cu:
x y z 4
2

a. M 0,0,2

b. M 1, 3,0

F x, y , z x y z 4 0
2

gradF x, y , z 2 x, 2 y, 2 z

a. gradF 0,0,2 0,0,4

T : x 0 .0 y 0 .0 z 2 .4 0
z2

T : x 1 .2 y 3 .2 3 z 0 .0 0

a. gradF 1, 3,0 2,2 3,0

x y 340