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Acids and Bases: Theodore L. Brown H. Eugene Lemay, Jr. and Bruce E. Bursten
Acids and Bases: Theodore L. Brown H. Eugene Lemay, Jr. and Bruce E. Bursten
Chapter 16
Acids and Bases
John D. Bookstaver
St. Charles Community College
St. Peters, MO
2006, Prentice Hall, Inc.
Modified by S.A. Green, 2006
Acids
and
Bases
When
Arrhenius
increases H+
1880s
Brnsted
proton donor
1923
Who
Lowry
Lewis
ditto
Electron-pair
acceptor
1923
1923
Acids
and
Bases
Acids
and
Bases
Some Definitions
Arrhenius acids and bases
Acid: Substance that, when dissolved in
water, increases the concentration of
hydrogen ions (protons, H+).
Some Definitions
BrnstedLowry: must have both
1. an Acid: Proton donor
and
2. a Base:
Proton acceptor
Acids
and
Bases
Which is the acid and which is the base in each of these rxns?
Acids
and
Bases
A BrnstedLowry acid
must have a removable (acidic) proton.
HCl, H2O, H2SO4
A BrnstedLowry base
must have a pair of nonbonding electrons.
NH3, H2O
Acids
and
Bases
If it can be either
...it is amphiprotic.
HCO3
HSO4
H2O
Acids
and
Bases
Acids
and
Bases
Acids
and
Bases
Acids
and
Bases
H3O+(aq) + Cl(aq)
Acids
and
Bases
H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2(aq)
Acids
and
Bases
Autoionization of Water
As we have seen, water is amphoteric.
In pure water, a few molecules act as bases and a
few act as acids.
Ion-Product Constant
The equilibrium expression for this
process is
Kc = [H3O+] [OH]
This special equilibrium constant is
referred to as the ion-product constant
for water, Kw.
At 25C, Kw = 1.0 10-14
Acids
and
Bases
pH
pH is defined as the negative base-10
logarithm of the hydronium ion
concentration.
pH = log [H3O+]
Acids
and
Bases
pH
In pure water,
pH
Therefore, in pure water,
pH = log [H3O+]
= log (1.0 10-7) = 7.00
An acid has a higher [H3O+] than pure water, so
its pH is <7
A base has a lower [H3O+] than pure water, so
its pH is >7.
Acids
and
Bases
pH
These are
the pH
values for
several
common
substances.
Acids
and
Bases
Other p Scales
The p in pH tells us to take the
negative log of the quantity (in this
case, hydronium ions).
Some similar examples are
pOH log [OH-]
pKw log Kw
Acids
and
Bases
Watch This!
Because
[H3O+] [OH] = Kw = 1.0 10-14,
we know that
log [H3O+] + log [OH] = log Kw = 14.00
or, in other words,
pH + pOH = pKw = 14.00
Acids
and
Bases
Acids
and
Bases
Acids
and
Bases
Strong Acids
You will recall that the seven
strong acids are HCl, HBr,
HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO3,
and HClO4.
These are strong
electrolytes and exist totally
as ions in aqueous solution.
For the monoprotic strong
acids,
[H3O+] = [acid].
Acids
and
Bases
Strong Bases
Strong bases are the soluble hydroxides, which are
the alkali metal (NaOH, KOH)and heavier alkaline
earth metal hydroxides (Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and
Ba(OH)2).
Again, these substances dissociate completely in
aqueous solution.
Dissociation Constants
For a generalized acid dissociation,
Acids
and
Bases
Dissociation Constants
The greater the value of Ka, the stronger the
acid.
Acids
and
Bases
We know that
Acids
and
Bases
Acids
and
Bases
Calculating Ka from pH
In table form:
[HCOOH], M
[H3O+], M
[HCOO], M
Initially
0.10
Change
4.2 10-3
+4.2 10-3
+4.2 10-3
4.2 10-3
4.2 10 - 3
At
Equilibrium
Acids
and
Bases
Calculating Ka from pH
Ka =
= 1.8 10-4
Acids
and
Bases
In the example:
[A-]eq = [H3O+]eq = 4.2 10-3 M
[A-]eq + [HCOOH]eq = [HCOOH]initial = 0.10 M Acids
and
Bases
4.2 10-3
Percent Ionization =
100
0.10
= 4.2%
Acids
and
Bases
Calculating pH from Ka
Calculate the pH of a 0.30 M solution of
acetic acid, C2H3O2H, at 25C.
Acids
and
Bases
Calculating pH from Ka
The equilibrium constant expression is:
Acids
and
Bases
Calculating pH from Ka
Use the ICE table:
Initial
Change
Equilibrium
[C2H3O2], M
[H3O+], M
[C2H3O2], M
0.30
+x
+x
0.30 x
Acids
and
Bases
Calculating pH from Ka
Use the ICE table:
Initial
Change
Equilibrium
[C2H3O2], M
[H3O+], M
[C2H3O2], M
0.30
+x
+x
0.30 x
Calculating pH from Ka
Use the ICE table:
Initial
Change
Equilibrium
[C2H3O2], M
[H3O+], M
[C2H3O2], M
0.30
+x
+x
0.30 x 0.30
Calculating pH from Ka
Now,
Acids
and
Bases
Calculating pH from Ka
pH = log [H3O+]
pH = log (2.3 103)
pH = 2.64
Acids
and
Bases
Polyprotic Acids
Have more than one acidic proton.
If the difference between the Ka for the first dissociation
and subsequent Ka values is 103 or more, the pH
generally depends only on the first dissociation.
Acids
and
Bases
Weak Bases
Bases react with water to produce hydroxide ion.
Acids
and
Bases
Weak Bases
The equilibrium constant expression for
this reaction is
Acids
and
Bases
Weak Bases
Kb can be used to find [OH] and, through it, pH.
Acids
and
Bases
pH of Basic Solutions
What is the pH of a 0.15 M solution of NH3?
[NH4+] [OH]
Kb =
= 1.8 10-5
[NH3]
Acids
and
Bases
pH of Basic Solutions
Tabulate the data.
[NH3], M
Initial
Equilibrium
0.15
0.15 - x 0.15
[NH4+], M [OH], M
0
pH of Basic Solutions
2
(x)
1.8 10-5 =
(0.15)
Acids
and
Bases
pH of Basic Solutions
Therefore,
[OH] = 1.6 10-3 M
pOH = log (1.6 10-3)
pOH = 2.80
pH = 14.00 2.80
pH = 11.20
Acids
and
Bases
Combined reaction = ?
Acids
and
Bases
Combined reaction = ?
Acids
and
Bases
Ka and Kb
Acids
and
Bases
PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. Niacin, one of the B vitamins, has the following molecular structure:
A 0.020 M solution of niacin has a pH of 3.26. (a) What percentage of the acid is ionized in this solution?
(b) What is the acid-dissociation constant, Ka, for niacin?
2. What is the pH of (a) a 0.028 M solution of NaOH, (b) a 0.0011 M solution of Ca(OH)2? What percentage of
the bases are ionized?
3. Calculate the percentage of HF molecules ionized in (a) a 0.10 M HF solution, (b) a 0.010 M HF solution. Ka
for HF is 6.8 x10-4.
Acids
and
Bases
HX(aq) + OH-(aq)
Acids
and
Bases
Acids
and
Bases
What?
Why?
= strong base
= strong acid
bases
Depends on Ka and Kb
Acids
and
Bases
Acids
and
Bases
Lewis Acids
Lewis Bases
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Acids
and
Bases