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The Human Organism
The Human Organism
The Human
Organism
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Topics of Anatomy
Gross or macroscopic: structures examined
without a microscope
Regional: studied area by area
Systemic: studied system by system
Surface: external form and relation to deeper
structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
Microscopic: structures seen with the
microscope
Cytology: cellular anatomy
Histology: study of tissues
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Topics of Physiology
Reveals dynamic nature of living things
Considers operations of specific organ systems
Cell physiology: examines processes in cells
Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous
system
Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels
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Chemical :
interaction of atoms
Cell : structural and
functional unit of
living organisms
Tissue: group of
similar cells and the
materials
surrounding them
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Characteristics of Life
1. Organization: condition in which there are
specific relationships and functions
2. Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body
3. Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and
adjust
4. Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells
5. Development: changes in an organism over
time
Differentiation: change from general to specific
Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs
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1.5 Homeostasis
Values of variables fluctuate
around the set point to establish a normal range of values.
Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable.
What is the set point for body temperature?
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Feedback Systems
Two types: negative and positive
Components
Receptor: monitors the value of some
variable
Control center: establishes the set point
Effector: can change the value of the
variable
Stimulus: deviation from the set point;
detected by the receptor
Response: produced by the effector
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Negative Feedback
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Example of Negative
Feedback
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Positive Feedback
When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the
deviation greater
Unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from
homeostasis and can result in death
Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth
Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood
pressure drops and the hearts ability to pump blood decreases
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Directional Terms
Superior (Cephalic) vs.
Inferior (Caudal) toward or
away from the head
Medial vs. Lateral relative
to the midline
Proximal vs. Distal used to
describe linear structures
Superficial vs. Deep relative
to the surface of the body
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Abdominal Subdivisions
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Planes
Median (through the
midline) and Sagittal
(same plane, but to the
left or right of median
Frontal or Coronal
divides body into
anterior and posterior
sections
Transverse / Cross
divides body into
superior and inferior
sections
Oblique: Other than at
a right angle
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Body Cavities
Diaphragm: divides body cavity into
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Mediastinum: contains all structures of
the thoracic cavity except the lungs
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Serous Membranes
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Pleura
refers to
lungs and
thoracic
cavity
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Peritoneum refers to
abdominopelvic cavity