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Open Channel Notes
Open Channel Notes
Open Channel Notes
ghS
cf
or
h3S 2
u
n
where
1
2
1
6
h cf
1
g2
Q cf
hn
gSB 2
1
3
Qn
1
2
S B
3
5
using the definition of discharge Q = (B x h)u (the volume flow per time)
Derivation:--once more
As a force balance
c f u 2
gh sin ghS , ( 1)
ghS
cf
h
Consider a large fluid filled tank with a hole near the bottom.
If the level h (height) of the tank is maintained, the flow near A
Is essential still, and the fluid speed at the exit is u. The potential
energy per unit volume at A (relative to the datum) is gh
This is converted into the Kinetic Energy
Per unit volume at B
u 2 / 2
h hloss A B
u2
2g
hloss a b
a
h
2
c f u2L
L
1 cfu
L
, 1
h cos( ) g
gh cos( )
gh
b
B
Q
hB
1 Q
H a a ha
2 g hB
Bed elevation
1 Q
b hb
2 g hB
hloss
Specific Energy
S
c f u 2 L / gh
B
a b c f u 2 L / gh
SL c f u 2 L / gh
So under normal flow Energy balance will recover our previous result
Q cf
hn
gSB 2
1
3
Qn
1
2
S B
3
5
Q uBh u Q / Bh
Specific Energy:
1 Q
2 g hB
Energy Line
1 Q
H h
2 g hB
h
1 Q
Eh
2 g hB
1 Q
Eh
2 g hB
Is non-linear
hcr
2
gB
2
1
3
0.5
0.45
Sub-critical Flow
Sp Energy increases
with increase in depth
0.5
B=
hcr=
0.14147
y
w
a
t
e
r
d
e
p
t
h
0.4
Q=
ucr2 hcr 2
hcr
or
ucr ghcr
0.35
0.3
0.25
Fr 1
0.2
1
3
And
0.15
0.1
Fr 1
0.05
Fr
0
0
0.1
0.2
Super-critical Flow
Sp Energy increases
with decreases in depth
0.3
0.4
ucr
1
ghcr
0.5
E-Sp Energy
Fr
Q2
B 2 gh 3
Or slope?
???
The Question: How does a disturbance in the flow propagate up and down stream
How far is the effect felt
Fr
Flow speed
gh
Max wave speed
?
?
?
h =0.3
B=3
Q=.5
z .05
y
w
a
t
e
r
d
e
p
t
h
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
hB
h =0.3
B=3
Q=.5
0
0
1 Q
hA
2 g hA B
E B z
Implies that
0.2
0.3
E-Sp Energy
z .05
EA
0.1
1 Q
hB z
2 g hB B
hA z hB
0.4
0.5
y
w
a
t
e
r
d
e
p
t
h
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
hB
0
0
E A E B z
1 Q
hA
2 g hA B
1 Q
hB z
2 g hB B
implies that
See Excell worksheet
0.2
0.3
E-Sp Energy
z .05
h =0.3
B=3
Q=.5
0.1
hA z hB
0.4
0.5
y
w
a
t
e
r
d
e
p
t
h
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
hcr 0.141
h =0.3
B=3
Q=.5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
E-Sp Energy
z .1037
--so with an increasing bump the the level over the bump is fixed at hcr
The only way to establish an energy balance is for the height at A to
Increase
Back
A
B
water
0.5
0.45
y
w
a
t
e
r
d
e
p
t
h
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
hcr 0.141
0.05
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
E-Sp Energy
z .1037
1 Q
hA
2 g hA B
1 Q
hcr z
2 g hcr B
hA hn
As we move further back friction will reestablish
Normal flowthe distance to reestablish normal flow is the
Back Water Distancewill be calculated
0.4
0.5
h hcr
0.5
0.45
0.4
y
w
a
t
e
r
d
e
p
t
h
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
E-Sp Energy
0.4
0.5
h hcr
How Far down stream in an other wise normal flow is an obstacle felt ?
This elevation change is important
Fr
Q2
B 2 gh 3
dh S Sf
A
2
dx 1 Fr
Sf
c f Q2
gB 2 h 3
1 Q
a ha
2 g hB
b
B
Q
hB
Bed elevation
1 Q
b hb
2 g hB
hloss
a ha
Q
hB
1
ua 2 b hb 1 ub 2 c f u 2 L / gh
2g
2g
ha
1
ua 2 hb 1 ub 2 (S f S ) L
2g
2g
a b
, bed slope, S f c f u 2 / gh c f Q 2 / gh3 B 2 friction slope
L
d u
( S f S )
dx 2 g
u du dh
( S f S )
g dx dx
du
Q dh
2
dx
Bh dx
Fr
dh S Sf
A
dx 1 Fr2
B 2 gh 3
Sf
c f Q2
2 3
gB h
S S f , when h hn
S S f , when h hn
Assumed to be
Slope at normal flow
Fr < 1
,
critical
Sf <S,
normal
1,
S
>S
,
<
<S
,
1,
,
<S
Sf
Fr
>
Fr
<
,
>1
Fr
A> 0
normal
S=S
Fr < 1
, Sf >S
, A< 0 f
critical
Fr > 1, S
Fr=1
f >S, A >
0
>
>
Fr=
1
S=
S
f
Homework: find a web page that shows examples of water level change for obstacles
In streams/channelssend web-address to Voller