CHAPTER 3:

LATHE MACHINE

DJJ1043 (WORKSHOP
TECHNOLOGY)

3.0 : INTRODUCTION
A Lathe Machine is a tool that rotates
a work piece on its axis in order to
perform various operations.
Removes the metal from a piece of
work to the required shape & size
Tools are applied to piece to create an
object having a symmetrical axis of
rotation in order to perform actions
including cutting, knurling, drilling,
facing, tuning & threading

Lathe Machine

WHY USE LATHE MACHINE???

3.1: Main Parts, Operation & Working

BED
Main body of the machine
Made by cast iron due to its high compressive strength and high lubrication quality.
It is made by casting process and bolted on floor space to resist deflection & absorb
vibrations during cutting
TOOLPAST
Bolted on the carriage
Used to hold the tool at correct position.
Tool holder mounted on it.
CHUCK
Used to hold the workspace
Bolted on the spindle which rotates the chuck and work piece
It is 4 jaw or 3 jaw according to the requirement of machine.
HEAD STOCK
Main body parts which are placed at left side of bed
It is serve as holding device for the gear chain, spindle & driving pulley
Made by cast iron

TAIL STOCK
Tail stock situated at right hand side of the bed
The main function is to support the job when required
It is also used to perform drilling operation
LEAD SCREW
Lead screw is situated at the bottom side of bed
Used to move the carriage automatically during thread cutting
APRON
It is situated on the carriage
It consist all controlling and moving mechanism of carriage

SPINDLE
It is the main part of lathe which holds and rotates the chuck

WORK HOLDING DEVICE

Universal Chuck - 3 Jaw Chuck
Used to hold the regular shaped work
piece like round & hexagonal
For facing & drilling the end of the work
piece

Independent Chuck - 4 Jaw Chuck

Used for holding regular and irregular shape work piece
Can hold work piece precise rather than 3 jaw chuck

Collet Chuck
Used to hold & machined small component
Generally for work piece with a maximum
diameter of 25mm

Steady Rest
Used to support a long work
piece which is 3 times its
diameter
To prevent work piece from
bending
Follow Rest
Suitable for small & long work
piece during parallel lathe
machining
To minimize flex under the
pressure of the cutting tools

Faceplate
Used for clamping irregularly
shaped work piece

3.2 WORK PIECE IN LATHE MACHINE

A piece of material that is
secured in a fixture and
machined into the final part.
The work piece is often cut
from a larger piece of stock
material and can be a sheet
(blank), a standard extruded
shape (solid bar, hollow tube, or
shaped beam), a custom
extrusion, or any prefabricated
part such as a casting or
forging.
Each work piece shape has
certain dimensions that are
used in planning the machining
operations

3.3 TOOL BIT MATERAIL

DEFINITION
A pieces of high-strength metal usually steel,
ground to make single-point cutting tools for
metal-cutting operations
Cutting tools must be made of a material
harder than the material which is to be cut & the
tool must be able to withstand the heat
generated in the metal-cutting process

3.3 TOOL BIT MATERIAL (cont..)

1.

2.

CARBON STEEL
Contain 0.9%-1.2% of carbon
The oldest of tool material & widely use
Advantages: cheap, easily shape & sharpened
Disadvantages: Do not have sufficient hot hardness & wear
resistance for cutting at high speed when the temperature
rises
HIGH-SPEED STEEL (HSS)
Contain: Tungsten, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum
Use to machine at higher speed & complex such as drilling
Advantages: High toughness, resistance to fracture
Disadvantages: Low hot hardness

3. STELLITE
Contain: 25%-35% chromium, 4%-25% Tungsten, 1%-3%
carbon & cobalt
Use for roughing cuts at high feed & speed-twice the rates
possible with HSS
Advantages: High hardness, good wear resistance
Disadvantages: not as tough as HSS & sensitive to impact
forces

3.3 TOOL BIT MATERIAL (cont..)

4.

CERAMIC
Contain of aluminium oxide
Moderately inexpensive
Advantages: High hardness, high wear resistance,
extremely resistant to heat, desirable in high speed
application
Disadvantages: High fragility (KERAPUHAN)
CARBIDE
Contain: Tungsten Carbine & Titanium Carbide
Consist 82% Carbide, 10% Titanium & Tungsten & 8%
Cobalt
Advantages: Very hard & can stand with high temperature
Disadvantages: Low wear resistance

6.

DIAMOND
Use for surface finish
High accuracy machining (0.002-0.005 mm)
Disadvantages: easy fracture low impact resistance

5.

3.4 SHAPE OF TOOL BITS

3.4 SHAPE OF TOOL BITS (cont..)

Roughing tools have a small side relief angle to leave
more material to support the cutting edge during deep cuts
Facing tools are ground to provide clearance with a center
Finishing tools have a more rounded nose to provide a
finer finish
Round nose tools are for lighter turning. They have no
back or side rake to permit cutting in either direction
Left hand cutting tools are designed to cut best when
travelling from left to right

3.5 ANGLES OF A TOOL BIT TIP

Different materials are best cut
using slightly different angles
and the table below gives some
suggested angles for the critical

RELIEF Telusan
RAKE - Cakar

3.5 ANGLES OF A TOOL BIT TIP

(cont..)

3.6 LATHE MACHINE OPERATION

TURNING
To produce straight, conical, curve or groove work piece

BORING
To enlarge a hole or cylindrical cavity made by previous process or to
produce circular internal grooves

FACING
To produce flat surface at the end of the part & perpendicular to its axis

DRILLING
To produce a hole which may be followed by boring to improve its
dimensional accuracy & surface finish

KNURLING
To produce a regularly shape roughness on cylindrical surface

THREAD CUTTING
To produce external / internal threads

OFF-CENTRE TURNING
To produce various axis symmetric shapes for functional or aesthetic
purpose

POP QUIZ
What is lathe machine?
What is suitable work holding device
for a cylinder workpieces?
Name 3 lathe machine operations

END OF CHAPTER