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Mekanisme Pertahanan Inang THD Bakteri Dan Virus
Mekanisme Pertahanan Inang THD Bakteri Dan Virus
TERHADAP
BAKTERI DAN VIRUS
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
(IMUNITAS PASIF)
IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
(IMUNITAS AKTIF)
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
(IMUNITAS PASIF)
Ketika sistem imun kita berkembang, kita
dilindungi oleh pertahanan imun yang disebut
antibodies. Antibodi tersebut masuk dari aliran
darah maternal melewati plasenta menuju darah
fetus.
Antibodies (Y) are also found
in breast milk.
The antibodies received
through passive immunity
last only several weeks.
Innate Immunity
(Imunitas Non Spesifik)
Adaptive Immunity
(Imunitas Spesifik)
Innate Immunity
- invariant (generalized)
- early, limited specificity
- the first line of defense
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
(IMUNITAS AKTIF)
Adaptive Immunity
- variable (custom)
- later, highly specific
- remembers infection
INNATE IMMUNITY
(IMUNITAS DIDAPAT)
Ketika kita lahir, kita telah memiliki beberapa
mekanisme untuk mencegah penyakit. Tipe imunitas
ini disebut juga dengan nonspecific immunity
(imunitas nonspesifik).
Barriers
Cellular response
phagocytosis
inflammatory reaction
NK (natural killer) and mast
cells
Soluble factors
INNATE IMMUNITY
Barriers
Physical
Chemical
skin
sweat
hair
mucous
tears
saliva
stomach
urine
acid
INNATE IMMUNITY
Cellular response
nonspecific - the same response works against many
pathogens
this type of response is the same no matter how often
it is triggered
the types of cells involved are macrophages,
neutrophils, natural killer cells, and mast cells
a soluble factor, complement, is also involved
Macrophages
WBCs that ingest bacteria, viruses, dead cells, dust
most circulate in the blood, lymph and extracellular
fluid
they are attracted to the site of infection by chemicals
given off by dying cells
after ingesting a foreign invader, they wear pieces
of it called antigens on their cell membrane receptors
this tells other types of immune system cells what
to look for
CELLS alive!
Neutrophils
Neutrophil phagocytosing
S. pyogenes, the cause of strep throat
CELLS alive!
YEAST
CELLS alive!
One way that neutrophils kill is by producing an antibacterial compound called superoxide anion, a
process called oxidative burst. Here, an amoeboid
human neutrophil senses, moves toward and ingests
an ovoid yeast. In the next two panels, oxidation can
be seen by using a dye, and is colorized here.
Mast cells
are found in tissues like the skin, near blood vessels.
are activated after antigen binds to a specific type of antibody
called IgE that is attached to receptors on the mast cell.
activated mast cells release substances that contribute to
inflammation, such as histamine.
mast cells are important in allergic responses but are also
part of the innate immune response, helping to protect from
infection.
INNATE IMMUNITY
Cellular response
Inflammatory response
chemical and cell response to injury or localized infection
eliminates the source of infection
promotes wound healing
Step 1. Circulation to the site increases tissue warm,
red and swollen
Step 2. WBCs leak into tissues phagocytes engulf
and destroy bacteria
INNATE IMMUNITY
Cellular response
Inflammatory response (contd)
The release of histamine and prostaglandin causes
local vessel dilation resulting in:
INNATE IMMUNITY
Cellular response
Inflammatory response (contd)
Fevers have both positive and negative effects on
infection and bodily functions
POSITIVE
indicate a reaction to
infection
stimulate phagocytosis
slow bacterial growth
NEGATIVE
extreme heat enzyme
denaturation and
interruption of normal
biochemical reactions
> 39 C (103F) is dangerous
> 41C (105F) could be fatal
and requires medical
attention
INNATE IMMUNITY
Soluble factors
Interferon
INNATE IMMUNITY
Soluble factors
Complement
complement is not a cell but a group of proteins
these proteins circulate in the blood
CELLS alive!
Adaptive Immunity
(Imunitas Spesifik)
Immunitas Humoral
Sel B
Sel Plasma
Immunitas Seluler
Sel T
Sel Memory
Subset Sel T
(Th, Ts, Tc)
Antibodi
Respon Imun
Respon Imun humoral (imunitas
humoral): respon primer primer terhadap
mikrobaberhubungan dengan
pembentukan antibodi
Respon imun seluler: respon imun khas
yang tidak berkaitan dengan antibodi,
biasanya dengan Limfokin dari limfosit
yang mempengaruhi fagositosis macrofag
Perkembangan antibodi
Fagositosis
Fagositosis adalah sebagai suatu mekanisme
SITOKIN
Merupakan molekul yang menyerupai
hormon yang belerja secara parakrin,
berperan dalam sistem imun
Dieksresikan Oleh:
- Limfosit
- Mikrofag
- Sel Endotel
- Sel Glia
- Neuron
Bersifat parakrin : Sitematik atau lokal
C. Jenis-Jenis Sitokin
a.
b.
Interleukin I
Faktor nekrosis tumor
Interferon dan
Inter leukin -2
Inter leukin -6
Interferon
Limfotoksin
Efek sistemik
Efek SSP :
- Demam
- gelombang lambat saat tidur
- Anoreksia
Efek hematologik
nekrofil dalam sirkulasi
Me limfosit dalam sirkulasi
Pe sekresi faktor perangsang koloni
Pe tahanan nonspesifik
IL - 1
Sel T
-Costimulator me
produksi
IL-2,
produksi
IFN-,
produksi IL-3
-Me proliferasi
-Aktivitas cytotoxic
chemotaxis
Sel B
NK sel
-Growth Faktor
- Sinergis dgn IL4, IL-6
-Me produksi
antibodi
chemataxis
pendewasaan
(maturation
INTERLEUKIN 2
Disintesis : Sel T CD 4+ > dan sel T CD 8+ <
Membantu pembentukan sitokin lain oleh sel
T, ex : interferon dan limfotoksin
INTERLEUKIN 3
Sejenis limfokin 20 KD
Disintesis oleh sel T CD 4+
Sebagai stimulasi koloni
Membantu proliferasi sel mast dan
granulasi lisfanin
Membantu pembentukan koloni-koloni sel
eritroid, nicloid
INTERLEUKIN 4
Sitokin
Fungsi
20 KD
Faktor Pertumbuhan
Pertukaran sintesis Ig E
Pertumbuhan sel mast dan pengaktifan
makrofag
INTERLEUKIN 5
Sel
INTERLEUKIN 6
Oleh
sel endotelium
INTERLEUKIN 8
Oleh
INTERLEUKIN 10
Oleh
Nama
IFN-, -
Fagosit
Antivirus, pirogen
IFN- (intrferon)
Sel T
Mengaktivasi
mononuklir
Fagosit, sel T
Aktivasi
sel,
demam,
kakeksia, antitumor
LT (limfotoksin)
Sel T
Mengaktivasi
antitumor
Sel T, makrofag
Regulasi
pertumbuhan
leukosit, angiogenesis
IL-1 (interleukin-1)
Fagosir
Aktivasi
kakeksia
IL-2 (interleukin-2)
Sel T
IL-3 (interleukin-3)
Sel T
Hematopoiesis
IL-4 (interleukin-4)
Sel T penolong
Isotipe
(kelas)
menjadi IgE
IL-10 (interleukin-10)
Sel T penolong
Mengaktivasi
sel
menghambat sel T
Hematopoiesis
granolosit,
keturunan monosit
M-CSF
Makrofag, dll
Diferensiasi
monosit
menjadi
Diferensiasi
granulosit
menjadi
sel,
fagosit
leukosit,
demam,
berubah
B,
INTERFERON (IFN)
Protein immunoglobin yang dihasilkan oleh
sel T, fibroblast dan beberapa sel lain
setelah dirangsang oleh virus / antigen
, ,
Fungsi : menjaga dan meningkatkan
keupayaan makrofolog dalam memusnahkan
sel tumor, virus dan bakteri
D. Reseptor Sitokin
ANTIBODI
suatu protein imunoglobulin yang
dihasilkan oleh limfosit B, bereaksi
secara khusus dengan antigen yang
merangsang produksinya.
Produksi Antibodi
sel B yg dirangsang mengalami proliferasi,
maturasi dan diferensiasi
sel plasma
antibodi spesifik
Struktur Antibodi
4 rantai polipeptida
2 rantai H dan 2 rantai
L
dihubungkan dgn ikatan
disulfida
Rantai H tdd:
1 domain variabel (VH)
3 atau lebih domain
konstan (CH)
Rantai L tdd :
1 domain variabel (VL)
1 domain Konstan (CL)
Panjang tiap domain
110-130 asam amino
Domain variabel:
pengikatan antigen
Domain konstan :
menentukan
mekanisme
penghancuran
antigen, jg
menentukan jenis Ig
Kelas Ig
Ada lima:
IgG,
IgA,
IgM,
IgD,
IgE
IgG
Satu2nya terdapat di plasenta
Paling banyak
Terdiri atas 2 rantai L & 2 rantai H,
diikat oleh ikatan disulfida
Ada 4 subkelas :
IgG1(66%),IgG2(23%),IgG3(7%),IgG4(4%
BM = 150.000
Reseptor pd PMN , limfosit, monosit
Fi biologis : mengikat komplemen,
melewati plasenta, antibodi
heterositotropik
IgA
15-20% Ig
Tdpt di: darah,trac.mukosa di usus,ASI, airmata,
saliva
Ada 2 subkelas: IgA1(90%),IgA2(10%)
IgA2 berbedatdk diikat oleh ikatan disulfida tapi
dengan ikt nonkovalen
BM = 170.000 atau 400.000
Reseptor pd : PMN, limfosit, monosit
Fi : Antibodi sekteroris
IgM
Terdapat di serum,kdg di secretory
Disebut juga Ab natural
IgM mrpkn Ig yang pertama kali
muncul jk ada serangan dr luar
BM = 900.000
Reseptor pd : limfosit
Fi : mengikat komplemen
IgD
Belum jelas
Mungkin berfungsi sbg perangsang
reseptor Ag
BM 150.000
Reseptor pd permukaan limfosit
IgE
Trdpt: permukaan membran plasma
basofil & mast sel pd jar.connectivus
Berperan dlm hipersensitivitas &
melawan parasit,ex:worm
BM = 190.000
Fi : antibodi reaginik, antibodi
homositropik
Toxic proteins
Protein permukaan
Hialuronidase
Protease
Neuraminidase
Dan lain-lain
KROMOSOM VS PLASMID
SEL
Fv terdiri dari:
Peptidoglycan tdd. lapisan C carbohydrate
Techoic acid
Protein permukaan
Membran sel
Summary of
Neisseria
meningitidis
Struktur Virus
RNA Tumor Viruses
nucleocapsid
Virion
envelope
enveloped
virus
capsomeres
avirion
Nucleocapsid
(anucleocapsidwithout
agenomeisacapsid)