Electronic Circuits

and Systems
Circuit Analysis

KEW Sept 2004

Network Theory

Network describes interconnected set of electrical

components.

In this course we will be dealing with networks of passive

components with the properties of Resistance,
Capacitance and Inductance and trying to develop
systematic procedures for analysing networks of some
complexity.

KEW Sept 2004

Definition of a Network

This can be done using two sets of equations:

1.

Voltage Current relations

2.

Network Relations

KEW Sept 2004

Voltage Current relations

These laws govern the relationship between the

voltage across a component and the current
flowing through it.

1.

Resistance

2.

Inductance

3.

Capacitance

V i.R
di
V L.
dt
1
V i.dt
C

KEW Sept 2004

Network Relations

Constraints imposed on currents and voltages in the

current by the interconnection of the components
e.g. Kirchoffs Laws

KEW Sept 2004

Kirchoffs Laws
1.

The algebraic sum of all the currents flowing into a

node at any instant is zero

Current in = Current out

Conservation of charge

KEW Sept 2004

Kirchoffs Laws
2.

The algebraic sum of all branch voltages around any

closed loop of a network at any instant is zero

Applied voltage = sum of voltage drops

Conservation of energy

KEW Sept 2004

Kirchoffs Laws

Together, these two laws enable us to write a large

number of network equations

How many equations do we need?

How do we ensure that they are independent?
How do we solve them easily?

KEW Sept 2004

Example

From Kirchoffs first law we get nodal equations

V1
+

R1
V

R2

R3

V V 1 V 1 V 1

R1
R 2 R3

KEW Sept 2004

Example

From Kirchoffs second law we get loop (mesh) equations

R1
V

R2

i1

R3

i2

V i1.R1 (i1 i 2) R 2

0 i 2.R 3 (i 2 i1) R 2
KEW Sept 2004

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Systematic Presentation of
Network Equations

It is easier to check the network equations for a circuit if

they are written in some systematic manner.

This also means that the resulting equations are more

suited to computer methods of solution.

KEW Sept 2004

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Matrix representation of
Kirchoffs Laws KVL: Loop
equations

These are of the form:

V ik Z k
k

V Z . I

KEW Sept 2004

V = Applied voltage
I = Loop currents
Z = Impedance matrix

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Advantages of using matrix

form

Numeric examples once written in this form can be

easily solved by standard computer matrix routines

The form of the matrix can easily be checked for

mistakes in writing the equation

With practice, the matrix can be quickly written down

directly from inspection of the circuit

KEW Sept 2004

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The Impedance Matrix

On diagonal terms which are the sum of impedances

around a particular loop

Off diagonal terms which are ve the sum of impedances

common to respective loops

ie element Z12 = -R2, the impedance linking loops 1 and 2

The impedance matrix is symmetrical

KEW Sept 2004

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Example
R1

R7

i2
R2

R4
R3

i1

Loop equations

R5
R6

i3

Which can be rewritten as .

V i1 R1 (i1 i2 ).R2 (i1 i3 ).R3

V i1.( R1 R2 R3 ) i2 .R2 i3 .R3

0 i2 R7 (i2 i3 ).R4 (i2 i1 ).R2

0 i1.R2 i2 .( R2 R4 R7 ) i3 .R4

0 i3 .( R5 R6 ) (i3 i1 ).R3 (i3 i2 ).R4

0 i2 .R3 i2 .R4 i3 .( R3 R4 R5 R6 )

correct?

V R1 R2 R3
0
R2

0
R3

R2
R2 R4 R7
R4

R3

I1
I
R4
2
R3 R4 R5 R6 I 3

KEW Sept 2004

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Matrix representation of
Kirchoffs Laws
KCL: Nodal Equations

These are of the form:

V
I
k Rk

I G .V

KEW Sept 2004

I = Applied current generators

V = Node voltages
G = Admittance matrix

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KCL Nodal Equations

To use these, we must first transform any voltage sources

in the circuit to current sources, using Thevenin-Norton
transformation
+

Voc=V

V/Z

b)

a)

Voc=IZ
I=V/Z

Any active circuit can be represented by a) or b) as far

as an external load is concerned

This transformation can be used for any type of voltage

excitation eg. step, sinusoid etc.
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Example
I1
+
V/R1

I2

I3

R7

v1
R1

R2

v2

R4

v3

R3

R5
R6

V V1 V2 V1 V3 V1

I1
R1
R2
R7
R1

V2 (V2 V1 ) (V2 V3 )

I2
R3
R2
R4

V3 (V3 V2 ) (V3 V1 )

I3
R8
R4
R7

KEW Sept 2004

N.B. R8 = R5 + R6

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Example (cont.)
1
1
1
V
1
1

V3
V1

V2
R1
R2
R1 R2 R7
R7
1
1
1
1
1
V2

V3
R2
R4
R2 R3 R4

0 V1

1
1
1
1
1
V2
V3

R4
R7
R4 R7 R8

0 V1

I1
I
2
I 3

V
R
1
0
0

1
1
1

R1 R2 R7
1

R2

R7

R2
1
1
1

R2 R3 R4
1

R4

N.B. R8 = R5 + R6

R7

R4
1
1
1

R4 R7 R8

KEW Sept 2004

V1
V
2
V3

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KCL Nodal equations (cont)

The on diagonal terms are seen to be the sum of the

admittance connected to that node

The off diagonal terms are the ve of the admittances

connected between the respective nodes

Eg. element G21 = -1/R2 ve ve the admittance connecting nodes

1 and 2s

The Matrix of admittances is symmetrical

KEW Sept 2004

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