Baseband Pulse

Transmission

Intersymbol Interference
The longer the cable and/or the higher the
bit rate, the greater the distortion. The
pulses tend to blur into one another, causing
what is called intersymbol interference
(ISI).
ISI makes the voltage levels for binary 1 and
0 closer together with 1 bit smearing or
overlapping into the other
ISI causes crosstalk between channels that
occupy adjacent time slots in a timedivision-multiplexed carrier system

Intersymbol Interference
Pulse
response:
(a) NRZ
input
signal;
(b) output
from a
perfect
filter;
(c) output
from an
imperfect
filter

Primary causes of ISI

1. Timing inaccuracies- if the rate of
transmission does not conform to the
ringing frequency designed into the
communications channel
2. Insufficient bandwidth - As the
bandwidth of a communications
channel is reduced, the ringing
frequency is reduced, and intersymbol
interference is more likely to occur.

Primary causes of ISI

3. Amplitude distortion Pulse distortion
occurs when the peaks of pulses are
reduced, causing improper ringing
frequencies in the time domain.
Compensation for such impairments is
called amplitude equalization.
4. Phase distortion - occurs when
frequency components undergo different
amounts of time delay while propagating
through the transmission medium.

Eye Patterns
convenient
technique for
determining
the effects of
the
degradations
introduced
into the
pulses as they
travel to the
regenerator

Eye patterns
(a) Good bandwidth.
(b) Limited bandwidth.
(c) Severe
bandwidth limitation with noise.