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Introduction To Antennas
Introduction To Antennas
ANTENNAS
OVERVIEW
Introduction
Radiation pattern, gain, Beamwidth, polarization
Review of basic antenna types
Basics Of Microstrip Antennas
Types Of Feeding Of Microstrip Antennas
Gain And Beamwidth Comparsion Of Different Antennas
Test Equipment
INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNAS
Antennas are key components of any wireless system. An antenna is a
ANTENNAS
Transmitting Antenna: Any structure designed to efficiently radiate
electromagnetic radiation in a preferred direction is called a transmitting
antenna.
Wires passing an alternating current emit, or radiate, electromagnetic energy.
The shape and size of the current carrying structure determines how much
energy is radiated as well as the direction of radiation.
Receiving Antenna: Any structure designed to efficiently receive
electromagnetic radiation is called a receiving antenna
We also know that an electromagnetic field will induce current in a wire. The shape and size of the
structure determines how efficiently the field is converted into current, or put another way, determines
how well the radiation is captured. The shape and size also determines from which direction the
radiation is preferentially captured.
RADIATION PATTERN
The radiation pattern of an antenna is an electromagnetic wave and it is the
variation of the electric field as a function of angle and has two field
components: an E - field vector and an H- field vector.
Radiation or antenna pattern describes the relative strength of the radiated
RADIATION PATTERN
The radiation pattern is three-dimensional, but it is difficult to display the three-dimensional
two-dimensional radiation pattern which can be displayed easily on a screen or piece of paper.
3-D pattern
RADIATION PATTERN
A polar plot
A rectangular plot
RADIATION PATTERN
The radiation of many antennas shows a pattern of maxima or "lobes" at various angles,
causing maxima at angles where the radio waves arrive at distant points in phase, and zero
radiation at other angles where the radio waves arrive out of phase.
Main Lobe (major lobe, main beam) - radiation lobe in the direction of maximum radiation.
Minor Lobe - any radiation lobe other than the main lobe.
Side Lobe - a radiation lobe in any direction other than the direction(s) of intended
radiation.
BEAM-WIDTH
POLARIZATION
The polarization of an antenna is the orientation of the electric field (E-
plane) of the radio wave with respect to the Earth's surface and is
determined by the physical structure of the antenna and by its orientation.
A simple straight wire antenna will have one polarization when mounted
vertically, and a different polarization when mounted horizontally.
Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves the most
important reflector is the ionosphere - signals which reflect from it will
have their polarization changed.
POLARIZATION
Types of polarization
Linear
Circular
Ellipse
LHC
Ex = cos (wt)
Ex = cos (wt)
Ex = cos (wt)
Ex = cos (wt)
Ey = cos (wt)
Ey = cos (wt+pi/4)
Ey = -sin (wt)
Ey = cos (wt+3pi/4)
RHC
Ex = cos (wt)
Ex = cos (wt)
Ey = -cos (wt+pi/4)
Ey = sin (wt)
TYPES OF ANTENNA
Types of
simple
antennas are:
Half Wave
dipole
The folded
dipole
The Loop
antennas
The
helical
antenna
Yagi-Uda
Antenna
The Horn
Antenna
Microstrip
Antenna
LOOP ANTENNAS
A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a
helical.
The antenna in the sketch has its
maximum radiation along its long axis.
A quarter-wave monopole can be
shortened and wound into a helix
common in antennas used with many
handheld transceivers.
YAGI-UDA ANTENNA
The Yagi-Uda Antenna is a directional antenna consisting of a driven
driven dipole, whereas the so-called directors are a little bit shorter.
The design achieves a very substantial increase in the antenna's
YAGI-UDA ANTENNA
Typical spacing between elements vary from about 1/10 to 1/4 of a
HORN ANTENNA
The horn antenna derives its name from the characteristic flared
the horn. It is easily fed with a waveguide, but can be fed with a
coaxial cable and a proper transition.
Horn antennas are commonly used as the active element in a dish
MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
The Microstrip Patch Antenna is a single-layer design which
Rectangular
Square
Elliptical
Circular
Annular ring
Triangular
is typical).
at lower frequencies).
Cannot handle extremely large amounts of power (dielectric breakdown).
TYPES OF FEEDING
Types Of Feeding Of Microstrip Antenna
Coaxial feed
Inset feed
Proximity Coupled Feed
Gap Coupled Feed
Aperture Coupled Feed
COAXIAL FEED
z
Surface current
W
Feed at (x0, y0)
COAXIAL FEED
Advantages
Simple
Disadvantages
INSET FEED
Advantages:
Simple
Allows for planar feeding
Easy to use with arrays
Easy to obtain input match
Disadvantages:
Microstrip line
PROXIMITY-COUPLED FEED
(ELECTROMAGNETICALLY-COUPLED FEED)
Advantages:
Allows for planar feeding
Less line radiation compared to microstrip feed
Can allow for higher bandwidth (no probe
inductance, so substrate can be thicker)
Disadvantages:
Requires multilayer fabrication
Alignment is important for input match
Top view
Microstrip
line
Patch
Microstrip line
GAP-COUPLED FEED
Advantages:
Allows for planar feeding
Can allow for a match even with high edge
impedances, where a notch might be too large (e.g.,
when using high permittivity)
Patch
Top view
Disadvantages:
Requires accurate gap fabrication
Requires full-wave design
Gap
Patch
Microstrip line
Microstrip
line
Slot
Top view
Microstrip
line
Patch
Disadvantages:
Requires multilayer fabrication
Alignment is important for input match
Slot
Microstrip line
Gain (over
isotropic)
Beamwidth -3
dB
0 dB
360
2.14 dB
55
Loop
3.14 dB
200
Yagi
7.14 dB
25
Helical
10.1 dB
30
Horn
15 dB
15
Isotropic
Dipole
Shape
Radiation Pattern
TEST EQUIPMENT
THE ANECHOIC CHAMBER
The anechoic chamber is used to set up antennas in a location
REFRENCES
Griffiths H & Smith BL (ed.): Modern antennas; Chapman & Hall, 1998
Johnson RC: Antenna Engineering Handbook McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1993
Kraus JD: Antennas, McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1998
Scoughton TE: Antenna Basics Tutorial; Microwave Journal Jan. 1998, p. 186-191
Stutzman WL, Thiele GA: Antenna Theory and Design JWiley &Sons, 1981
C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1997.
K. L. Wong, Design of Nonplanar Microstrip Antennas and Transmission Lines, Wiley, New
York, 1999.