Statistical

Process
Control

What is a process?
Inputs

PROCES
S

Outputs

A process can be described as a transformation of

set of inputs into desired outputs.

Population Vs. Sample (Certainty Vs. Uncertainty)

A sample is just a subset of all

possible values
sample
population
Since the sample does not contain all
the possible values, there is some
uncertainty about the population. Hence
any statistics, such as mean and
standard deviation, are just estimates
of the true population parameters.
December 11, 2016

WHY STATISTICS?
THE ROLE OF STATISTICS

LSL

USL

Statistics is the art of collecting, classifying,

presenting, interpreting and analyzing
numerical data, as well as making
conclusions about the system from which the
data was obtained.
December 11, 2016

Statistical Process Control (SPC)

Measures performance of a process
Uses mathematics (i.e., statistics)
Involves collecting, organizing, & interpreting
data
Objective: Regulate product quality
Used to
Control the process as products are produced
Inspect samples of finished products

Basic Quality Tools

Run charts
Flowcharts
Check sheets
Histograms
Pareto Charts
Scatter diagrams
Control charts
Cause-and-effect
diagrams
6

Diameter

Run Chart

0.58
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.5
0.48
0.46
0.44
1

10 11 12

Time (Ho urs )

Time (Hours)

Check Sheet
Billing Errors

Monday

Wrong Account
Wrong Amount

A/R Errors
Wrong Account
Wrong Amount

Histograms
A bar chart of the frequency of outcomes

80%
80% of
of the
the
problems
problems
may
may be
be
attributed
attributed to
to
20%
20% of
of the
the
causes.
causes.

Number of defects

Pareto Analysis Example:

Problems with printing name tags

Off
center

Smeared
print

Missing Loose Other

label

10

Pareto Diagram

11

A Scatter Diagram

12

Scatter diagram
Determine the correlation
between quality and
operational factors

13

Control Chart
1020

UCL

1010
1000
990

LCL

980
970
0

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Help detect the correctable causes of variations

14

Cause-and-Effect Diagram or
Fishbone diagram
Methods
Cause

Environment

Materials
Cause
Cause

Cause
Cause

Cause

People

Cause

Cause

Cause

Cause
Cause

Effect

Cause

Equipment

15

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