GROUP 1

KURT LEWIN

Presented by:
1.SUJAN
2.Abha
3.Thuingum
4.Arpitha
5.Abhishek
6.Samiksha
7.Adil

TOPICS
Personality

Formation

Perception
Perceptual

Process
Information Processing
Rational Decision Making
Conclusion

PERSONALITY

PERSONALITY
FORMATION

What is Personality Development?

PERSONALITY:

An integrated organization of
physical, emotional,
intellectual, social, physiological
and spiritual characteristics of
an individual

DEVELPOMENT:

It is an ongoing process..

KNOWLEDGE

ATTITUDE

SKILLS

THINGS TO ENHANCE PERSONALITY

Dont compare your life

Overcoming The Guilt & Worry

Dont waste your precious energy and dont criticize

what you cannot change

PERCEPTION

What Is perception?
Perception can be defined as our recognition and
interpretation of sensory information.
Perception also includes how we respond to the information.
We can think of perception as a process where we take in
sensory information from our environment and use that
information in order to interact with our environment.
Perception allows us to take the sensory information in and
make it into something meaningful.

TYPES
AMODAL PERCEPTION
Amodal perception is one of the most recognizable
types of perception in psychology. It is the observation
and interpretation of things in terms of depth and
motion. For instance, even if one sees only three points
in a triangular object, he or she knows that the object
is three-dimensional and that there are hidden points
on the other side.

Color Perception
Color perception, on the other hand, describes the way the visual
senses, denoting the eyes, observe hues and contextualize them in
the environment. For example, by interpreting blue as the color of
depression, the eyes will tend to always attribute all things of this
tinge to be melancholic.
Speech Perception
The other types of perception in psychology include those that
interpret verbal output. Speech perception, for one, helps in not
only understanding one another, but deducing meaning from mere
sounds. It also indicates the mechanical arrangement of the vocals
when another person speaks which means that the listener interprets
the speech through the phonetics such as syllables to create
meaning.

PERCEPTUAL
PROCESS

What is Perceptual Process

The perceptual process is
the sequence of
psychological steps that a
person uses to organize and
interpret information from
the outside world.

 SENSATION
-An individuals ability to detect
stimuli in the immediate
environment

ORGANISTAION
-The process of placing selected
perceptual stimuli into a
framework for storage

SELECTION
-The process a person uses to
eliminate some of the stimuli that
have been sensed and to retain others
for further processing

TRANSLATION
-The stage of the perceptual process
at which stimuli are interpreted and
given meaning

The selection,
organization, and
interpretation of
perceptions can differ
among different people .
Therefore, when people
react differently in a
situation, part of their
behavior can be explained
by examining their
perceptual process, and
how their perceptions are
leading to their responses.

Multistability
The Necker cube and Rubin vase can be perceived
in more than one way. The vase can be seen as
either a vase or two faces.

Perceptual selection is driven by

internal and external factors.
Internal factors include:

Personality - Personality traits influence how a person selects

perceptions. For instance, conscientious people tend to select details
and external stimuli to a greater degree.

Motivation - People will select perceptions according to what they need

in the moment. They will favor selections that they think will help them
with their current needs, and be more likely to ignore what is irrelevant
to their needs.

Experience - The patterns of occurrences or associations one has

learned in the past affect current perceptions. The person will select
perceptions in a way that fits with what they found in the past.

External factors include

Size - A larger size makes it more likely an object will be selected.

Intensity - Greater intensity, in brightness, for example, also

increases perceptual selection.

Contrast - When a perception stands clearly out against a background,

there is a greater likelihood of selection.

Motion - A moving perception is more likely to be selected.

Repetition - Repetition increases perceptual selection.

Novelty and familiarity - Both of these increase selection. When a

perception is new, it stands out in a person's experience. When it is
familiar, it is likely to be selected because of this familiarity.

INFORMATION
PROCESSING

DEFINITION

Information processing is the change

(processing) of information in any
manner detectable by an observer. A4s
such, it is a process
that describes everything that happens
(changes) in the universe, from the
falling of a rock (a change in position) to
the printing of a text file from a digital
computer system. In the latter case,
an information processor is changing
the form of presentation of that text file.

Information Processing Theory

The information processing theory is a cognitive approach to

understanding how the human mind transforms sensory
information. The model assumes that information that comes from the
environment is subject to mental processes beyond a simple stimulusresponse pattern. "Input" from the environment goes through the
cognitive systems which is then measured by the "output". Information
that is received can take several paths depending on attention,
encoding, recognition, and storage. The central executive feature
controls how much information is being processed, though more
primitive sensory areas of the brain first accept environmental input.
The theory looks at real time responses to presented stimuli and how
the mind transforms that information. The model is used in several
areas of research such as; cognitive development, neuroscience, social
learning, and artificial intelligence.

PRINCIPLES

The systems view of organization takes into account the

integrative nature of information flows.

The structures of the organization should be designed to

facilitate information inputs to decision centers.

since communications is the process by which

organizations change and learn, and adapt to a volatile
environment.

It has not been applied as an analytical framework to

predict the behavior of the system.

The organization as a behavioral system exchanges resources,

energy, and information with its environment.

to maintain itself in a steady state or equilibrium, adopts a

feedback process to facilitate adaptation, operates as a cycle of
events that become institutionalized and functions in a state of
dynamic interaction among its subsystems.

an organization should generate a holistic view of the

organization, acquire and interpret information from the
environment, provide only minimum specifications for jobs.

The information-processing aspect of the computer has a

general analogy in the organizational field.

RATIONAL
DECISION
MAKING

Rational decision making is a multi-step process, from

problem identification through solution, for making logically
sound decisions.

The Process of Rational Decision Making

Rational decision making is a multi-step process for making
choices between alternatives. The process of rational decision
making favors logic, objectivity, and analysis over subjectivity
and insight. The word "rational" in this context does not mean
sane or clear-headed as it does in the colloquial sense.

The approach follows a sequential and formal

path of activities. This path includes:
Formulating a goal(s)
Identifying the criteria for making
the decision
Identifying alternatives
Performing analysis
Making a final decision.

Assumptions of the Rational DecisionMaking Model

The rational model of decision making assumes that people
will make choices that maximize benefits and minimize any
costs. The idea of rational choice is easy to see in economic
theory. For example, most people want to get the most
useful products at the lowest price; because of this, they
will judge the benefits of a certain object (for example,
how useful is it or how attractive is it) compared to those
of similar objects. They will then compare prices (or costs).
In general, people will choose the object that provides the
greatest reward at the lowest cost.

The rational model also assumes:

An

individual has full and perfect information on which

to base a choice.

Measurable

criteria exist for which data can be

collected
An

individual has the cognitive ability, time, and

resources to evaluate each alternative against the
others.

 The

rational-decision-making model does

not consider factors that cannot be
quantified, such as ethical concerns or the
value of altruism. It leaves out
consideration of personal feelings,
loyalties, or sense of obligation. Its
objectivity creates a bias toward the
preference for facts, data and analysis over
intuition or desires

CONCLUSION

Role Of Personality Development In Organization

Personality development grooms an individual and helps him make a mark of

his/her own.

Personality development goes a long way in reducing stress and conflicts.

Personality development helps you develop a positive attitude in life.

Personality development helps an individual to inculcate positive qualities like

punctuality, flexible attitude, willingness to learn, friendly nature, eagerness
to help othersv

Work in unison for the organization to grow and yield higher profits

Personality development enhances ones personality and makes an individual a

mature professional who can contribute effectively towards the success of an
organization

Role of Perception in Organization

We need to understand what the role of perception in an
organization is. It is very important in establishing different
role of perceptions like

Understanding the tasks to be performed.

Understanding associated importance of tasks allotted.

Understanding preferred behavior to complete respective

tasks.

Clarifying role perceptions.

Role Of Perceptual Process In Organization

Figure-ground - Once perceived, objects stand out against their background. This can mean, for
instance, that perceptions of something as new can stand out against the background of
everything of the same type that is old.

Perceptual grouping - Grouping is when perceptions are brought together into a pattern.

Closure - This is the tendency to try to create wholes out of perceived parts. Sometimes this
can result in error, though, when the perceiver fills in unperceived information to complete the
whole.

Proximity - Perceptions that are physically close to each other are easier to organize into a
pattern or whole.

Similarity - Similarity between perceptions promotes a tendency togroupthem together.

Perceptual Constancy - This means that if an object is perceived always to be or act a certain
way, the person will tend to infer that it actually is always that way.

Perceptual Context - People will tend to organize perceptions in relation to other pertinent
perceptions, and create a context out of those connections.

Role Of Information Processing In Organization

Concepts

of uncertainty and information processing are

used to integrate the diverse organization
design/structure literatures. This approach more fully
explicates the concept of congruence which lies at the
heart of contingency ideas. The review suggests a
contingency approach to design which develops a
feasible set of structural alternatives from which the
organization can choose.

Role Of Rational Decision Making In Organization

Better

Utilization of Resources

facing

Problems and Challenges

Business

Growth

Achieving

Objectives

Increases

Efficiency

Facilitate

Innovation

Motivates

Employees