Engineering

Graphics
Lecturer:
Khalid Saf
Recitation
Instructor
Shoa
ib

Outlines
Generally the course is divided in
two sections
1. Hand work drawings
2. Using Computer Aided Design
(CAD)

Outlines( Handwork)
Lecture.1
1. Graphics Language
2. Engineering
Drawings
3. Drawing Tools
4. Lettering
5. Lines Type

Lecture.2
1. Technical Sketching
2. Isometric Sketch
3. Oblique Sketch

Lecture.3
1. Orthographic
projection
2. Perspective sketch

Outlines( Handwork)
Lecture.4
1. Sectioning
2. Dimensioning and
tolerances

Lecture.5
1. Test (1)

Class rules
Please dont enter when I am in
the class!

Turn off your mobile

when you are at
I want You please
be quite in
class!
the class!

You can leave the class anytime

you want

Grading policy

Home assignment

5%

Lab assignment

15%

1st test

20%

2nd test

20%

Final exam

40%

Your Lab and home assignment will be graded as A++

+, A++,
A+, A, B,C

GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE

Effectiveness of Graphics Language

1. Try to write a description of
this object.
2. Test your written description
by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.
You can easily understand that

The word languages are inadequate for describing the

size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.

Composition of Graphic Language

Graphic language in engineering application use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.
The language is known as drawing or drafting .
A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments
or computer methods.

Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example

Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example

Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.

Example

Engineering Drawing

Elements of Engineering Drawing

Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.
Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.

Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Word
language

Graphics
language
Line
types

Projection
method

Geometric
construction

Lettering

Drawing Standard

Introduction
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.

Standard Code
Full name

Country

Code

USA

ANSI

American National Standard Institute

Japan

JIS

Japanese Industrial Standard

UK

BS

British Standard

Australia

AS

Australian Standard

Germany

DIN

Deutsches Institut fr Normung

ISO

International Standards Organization

Drawing Sheet
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
Standard sheet size
(JIS)
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0

210 x 297
297 x 420
420 x 594
594 x 841
841 x 1189

(Dimensions in millimeters)

A4
A3
A2

A1

A0

Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4)
c

2. Type Y (A4 only)

d

Drawing space

c
Title block

Drawing
space

Border
lines

Sheet size
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0

c (min) d (min)
10
25
10
25
10
25
20
25
20
25

Title block

Drawing Scales
Length, size

Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element

of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.
Size in drawing

Actual size

Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word SCALE
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow
SCALE 1:1

for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)

SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond
to true size of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.

Drawing Tools

DRAWING TOOLS

Draft board
Drawing Table

DRAWING TOOLS

1. T-Square

2. Triangles

DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape

4. Pencils

DRAWING TOOLS

5. Sandpaper

6. Compass

DRAWING TOOLS

7. Pencil Eraser

8. Erasing Shield

DRAWING TOOLS

9. Circle Template

10. Tissue paper

DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sharpener

12. Clean paper

DRAWING TOOLS

Preparation of Tools

Fastening Paper to Drafting Board

1. Place the paper close to the tables left edge.
2. Move the paper until its lower edge place about
the top edge of T-square.

Fastening Paper to Drafting Board

3. Align the top edge of the paper with T-square blade.
4. Attach the papers corners with tape.

Fastening Paper to Drafting Board

5. Move T-square down to smooth the paper.
6. Attach the remaining papers corners with tape.

Preparing the Compass

1. Sharpen the lead with a sandpaper.
2. Adjust the needle and the lead so that the tip of
the needle extends slightly more than the lead.

needle

lead

Using the Tools

Function of the Tools

Tools
1. T-square

Shape to be drawn
Straight line

2. Triangles

3. Compass
4. Circle template

Arc, Circle

Using the Compass

1. Locate the center of the circle by two intersecting lines.
2. Adjust the distance between needle and lead to a distance
equal to radius of the circle.
3. Set the needle point at center.

Using the Compass

4. Start circle. Apply enough pressure to the needle,
holding compass handle between thumb and index fingers.
5. Complete circle. Revolve handle clockwise.

Draw a Horizontal Line

1. Press the T-square head against the left edge of the table.
2. Smooth the blade to the right.

Draw a Horizontal Line

3. Lean the pencil at an angle about 60o with the paper in the
direction of the line and slightly toed in.
4. Draw the line from left to right while rotating the pencil slowly.

Draw a Vertical Line

1. Set T-square as before. Place any triangle on T-square edge.
2. Slide your left hand to hold both T-square and triangle in
position.

Draw a Vertical Line

3. Lean the pencil to the triangle.
4. Draw the line upward while rotating the pencil slowly.

Draw a line at 45o with horizontal

1. Place 45o triangle on the T-square edge and press them
firmly against the paper.
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.

Draw a line at angle 30o and 60o

1. Place 30o-60o triangle on the T-square edge and press
them firmly against the paper.
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.

Draw the lines at 15o increment

0 deg.
15 deg. = 30 + 45 deg
30 deg.
45 deg. Already
demonstrated.
60 deg.
75 deg. = 30 + 45 deg
90 deg. Already
demonstrated.

Draw the line passing through

two given points
1. Place the pencil tip at one of the points.
2. Place the triangle against the pencil tip.
3. Swing the triangle around the pencil tip
until its edge align with the second point.
4. Draw a line.
A

Given

A
B

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKL
MNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCD
EF

Lettering

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKL
MNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCD

Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :
To communicate nongraphic information.
As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.
Thus, it must be written with
Legibility

- shape
- space between letters and words

Uniformity

- size
- line thickness

Example

Placement of the text on drawing

Dimension & Notes

Notes

Title Block

Lettering Standard
ANSI Standard

This course

Use a Gothic text style,

Use only a vertical Gothic

either inclined or vertical.

text style.

Use all capital letters.

Use both capital and

lower-case letters.

Use 3 mm for most

Same. For letters in title

text height.

block it is recommend to use

5~8 mm text height

Space between lines

N/A.

of text is at least 1/3

Follows ANSI rule.

of text height.

Basic Strokes
Straight

Slanted

Horizontal

Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

I letter

A letter 1

B letter 1

3
3
2

Suggested Strokes Sequence

Upper-case letters & Numerals

Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters
Curved line
letters &
Numerals

Suggested Strokes Sequence

Lower-case letters

The text s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital

letter.

Stroke Sequence
I

Stroke Sequence
V

Stroke Sequence
Z
M
K

Stroke Sequence
O

Stroke Sequence
U
P
B

Stroke Sequence
5

Stroke Sequence
S

Stroke Sequence
l

Stroke Sequence
w
x
k

Stroke Sequence
y
f
t

Stroke Sequence
o
a
b

Stroke Sequence
n
m
h

Word Composition
Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.
A) Non-uniform spacing

JIRAPONG
B) Uniform spacing

J IR A P O N G
Which one is easier to read ?

Word Composition

Spacing
Contour

JIRAPONG
||||

\/

| )(

)|

|(

General conclusions are:

Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.

Space between Letters

1. Straight - Straight

3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve

4. Curve - Curve

Space between Letters

5. Curve - Slant

6. Slant - Slant

7. The letter L and T

slant

slant
slant

straight

Example : Good and Poor Lettering

GOOD
Not uniform in style.
Not uniform in height.
Not uniformly vertical or inclined.
Not uniform in thickness of stroke.
Area between letters not uniform.
Area between words not uniform.

Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter O.

Example

ALL O DIMENSIONS O ARE OIN

MILLIMETERS O UNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.

Line Convention

Basic Line Types

Types of Lines

Appearance

Name according
to application

Continuous thick line

Visible line

Continuous thin line

Dimension line
Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line

Hidden line

Chain thin line

Center line

Meaning of Lines
Visible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Hidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view
Center line

represents symmetry, path of motion, centers

of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts

Dimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and

location of features on a drawing

DIMENSION LINES
indicate the direction and extent of a dimension, and inscribe dimension figures.

27

123

13

10

43

LEADER LINES
indicate details of the feature with a local note.

10

27

10 Drill, 2 Holes

123

13

R16

43

CUTTING PLANE LINESTYLES

Thick line
ANSI
standard
Thick line

Viewing
direction
Viewing
direction

JIS & ISO

standard

Thin line

Viewing
direction

Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing