Chapter 4 - Intro To Digital Electronics Circuits

Company
LOGO
LEB 10202
MARINE ELECTRONICS
Edit your slogan here
CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Numbering Systems
Company LOGO
Decimal
~9
~1
~7
~F
(base 10)
Binary
(base 2)
Octal
(base 8)
Hexadecimal
(base 16)
Numbering Systems (Cont.)

Company LOGO
Dec
Hex
Octal
Binary
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
000
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
010
011
012
013
014
015
016
017
00000000
00000001
00000010
00000011
00000100
00000101
00000110
00000111
00001000
00001001
00001010
00001011
00001100
00001101
00001110
00001111
Numbering System (Binary)

Company LOGO
Also called the Base 2 system

The binary number system is used to
model the series of electrical signals
computers use to represent information
0 represents the no voltage or an off
state
1 represents the presence of voltage or
an on state
Number System (Hexadecimal)

Company LOGO
Base 16 system
Uses digits 0-9 &
letters A,B,C,D,E,F
Groups of four bits
represent each
base 16 digit
Numbering System (Octal)

Company LOGO
Also known as the Base 8 System

Uses digits 0 - 7
Readily converts to binary
Groups of three (binary) digits can be
used to represent each octal digit
Also uses multiplication and division
algorithms for conversion to and from
base 10
Digital Codes - ASCII

Company LOGO
ASCII (American Standard Code for

Information Interchange) Code
Used to translate from the keyboard characters

to computer language
ASCII Codes - Table

Company LOGO
LOGIC GATES
Company LOGO
Inverter
(gate Not)
AND Gate
OR Gate
NAND Gate
NOR Gate
Exclusive OR and Exclusive-NOR
Fixed-function logic : IC Gates
INTRODUCTION
Company LOGO
Three
basic logic gates:

AND gate expressed by .
OR Gates expressed by +
NOT Gate expressed by or -
Company LOGO
NOT
Gate (Inverter)
Company LOGO
OR
Gate
Company LOGO
AND
Gate
Company LOGO
NAND
Gate
Company LOGO
NOR
Gate
Company LOGO
Exclusive
Or Gate
Company LOGO
Exclusive
NOR Gate
Company LOGO
Examples: Logic Gates IC
Company LOGO
THE K-MAP
Karnaugh Map (K-Map)

Company LOGO
Karnaugh
Mapping is used to minimize the

number of logic gates that are required in a
digital circuit.
This will replace Boolean reduction when the
circuit is large.
Write the Boolean equation in a SOP form first
and then place each term on a map.
Karnaugh Map (K-Map)

Company LOGO
The map is made up of a table of every possible SOP

using the number of variables that are being used.
If 2 variables are used then a 2X2 map is used
If 5 Variables are used then a 8X4 map is used
2 Variables Karnaugh Map

Company LOGO
B
If X=AB + AB then
put an X in both of
these cells
From Boolean reduction we know that A B + A B = B

B
From the Karnaugh map we
can circle adjacent cell and
find that X = B
A
A
1
1

Company LOGO
Gray Code
00
AB
01
1
C
0
C
0
AB
11
AB
10
AB
3 Variables Karnaugh Map (contd)

Company LOGO
X=ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC
Gray Code
00
AB
01
AB
11
AB
10
AB
One
simplification
could be
X = AB + AB

Company LOGO
X=ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC
Gray Code
C
1
C
1
Another
simplification
could be
00
AB
01
AB
X=BC+BC
11
AB
10
AB
A Karnaugh
Map does wrap
around

Company LOGO
X=ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC
Gray Code
00
AB
C
1
C
1
01
AB
The Best
simplification
would be
11
AB
X =B
10
AB
On a 3 Variables Karnaugh Map

Company LOGO
One cell requires 3 Variables

Two adjacent cells require 2 variables
Four adjacent cells require 1 variable
Eight adjacent cells is a 1

Company LOGO
Gray Code 0 0
01
11
10
CD CD CD CD
00
AB
01
AB
11
AB
10
AB
0
2
4
6
12
14
13
15
11
8
10
Simplify :
Company LOGO
X=ABCD+ABCD+ABCD+ABCD+
ABCD+ABCD
Gray Code
00
01
11
10
CD CD CD CD
00
AB
01
AB
11
AB
10
AB
Now try it
with Boolean
reductions
1
1
X = ABD + ABC + CD
On a 4 Variables Karnaugh map

Company LOGO
One Cell requires 4 variables

Two adjacent cells require 3 variables
Four adjacent cells require 2 variables
Eight adjacent cells require 1 variable
Sixteen adjacent cells give a 1 or true
Simplify using Karnaugh map

Company LOGO
First, we need to change the circuit to an SOP expression

Chapter 4 - Intro To Digital Electronics Circuits

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4 - Intro To Digital Electronics Circuits

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Company

Numbering Systems (Cont.)

Numbering System (Binary)

Also called the Base 2 system

Number System (Hexadecimal)

Numbering System (Octal)

Also known as the Base 8 System

Digital Codes - ASCII

ASCII (American Standard Code for

Used to translate from the keyboard characters

ASCII Codes - Table

basic logic gates:

Examples: Logic Gates IC

Karnaugh Map (K-Map)

Mapping is used to minimize the

Karnaugh Map (K-Map)

The map is made up of a table of every possible SOP

2 Variables Karnaugh Map

From Boolean reduction we know that A B + A B = B

3 Variables Karnaugh Map

3 Variables Karnaugh Map (contd)

3 Variables Karnaugh Map (contd)

3 Variables Karnaugh Map (contd)

On a 3 Variables Karnaugh Map

One cell requires 3 Variables

4 Variables Karnaugh Map

On a 4 Variables Karnaugh map

One Cell requires 4 variables

Simplify using Karnaugh map

First, we need to change the circuit to an SOP expression

You might also like