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Penicill IN: Praksh Dhakal Public Health Microbiology Tribhuvan University
Penicill IN: Praksh Dhakal Public Health Microbiology Tribhuvan University
IN
PRAKSH DHAKAL
INTRODUCTION :
First described by Fleming in 1929.
Isolated by Florey and Chain in 1940 from
Penicillium notatum.
The first clinical application of penicillin was in
1941.
Penicillins are produced by Penicillium and
Aspergillus species.
Penicillins belongs to the group of antibiotics
called -lactams which also include
cephalosporin,carbapenems,monbactams.
They are labile in acid and may be inactivated by
splitting the -lactam ring with -lactamases.
2 . Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins :
(Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Methicillin, Nafcillin,
Oxacillin). Methicillin was the first member of
this group, followed by oxacillin, nafcillin,
cloxacillin and dicloxacillin. Currently Oxacillin
is the most widespread among penicillinaseresistant penicillins and is actively used for the
treatment of infections caused by staphylococci
including PRSA.
3.Aminopenicillins(Ampicillin, Amoxicillin,
Bacampicillin). Aminopenicillins were the first
penicillins discovered to be active against gramnegative bacteria (such as E. coli and H.
influenzae). Aminopenicillins are acid-resistant
and that is why are administered orally.
Aminopenicillins possess a broader spectrum of
antibacterial activity against some strains such
as E.coli, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp. and
P.mirabilis, which are characterized by low levels
of production of chromosomal -lactamase.
Aminopenicillins are susceptible to hydrolysis by
-lactamses and that is why are usually come in
combination with -lactamse inhibitors.
Penicillins indication
The indications for penicillins vary depending on penicillins group.
Natural penicillins are used in:
Infections caused by S.pyogenes, and their consequences:
tonsilopharyngitis
scarlet fever
erysipelas
year-round rheumatism prevention.
Infections caused by S.pneumoniae:
community-acquired pneumonia
meningitis
sepsis
Infections caused by other streptococci:
Infective endocarditis (in combination with gentamicin or
streptomycin);
Meningococcal infections (meningitis)
Syphilis
Leptospirosis
Tick-borne borreliosis (Lyme disease)
Gangrenous emphysema
Actinomycosis
ACTION MECHANISM :
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE :
STRAIN DEVELOPMENT :
The pencillin production of Flemings isolate was
about 2 international units/ml ; todays process
yield a penicillin titer of about 85,000 units/ml .
This is an increase from 0.0012 g/l to about 50 g/l .
PRODUCTION METHOD :
Penicllin G and V are produced using submerged
process in 40,000 to 200,000 liter fermenters
Due to difficulties with O supply ,larger tanks
2
cannot be employed.
It is a aerobic process with a volumetric oxygen
absorption rate of 0.4-0.5 mM/l-min.
The inoculum is started using lyophilized spores.
Spore concentration ( optimal 5x103/ml ) and
pellet formation are crucial for the subsqent
yield.
For optimal penicillin formation ,pellets must be
grow not as compact balls , but in loose form.
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